{"id":986,"date":"2015-06-07T22:45:24","date_gmt":"2015-06-07T21:45:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=986"},"modified":"2015-06-07T22:45:24","modified_gmt":"2015-06-07T21:45:24","slug":"o-nasi-federaci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/o-nasi-federaci\/","title":{"rendered":"O na\u0161\u00ed federaci"},"content":{"rendered":"

1991<\/span><\/p>\n

Pojem federace je u n\u00e1s zejm\u00e9na posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce \u010dasto diskutovan\u00fd, av\u0161ak bohu\u017eel m\u00e1lokdy odborn\u011b. V programov\u00fdch dokumentech vl\u00e1d, politick\u00fdch stran i v projevech politik\u016f se vyskytoval pojem „autentick\u00e1 federace“. Vyskytovaly se i fr\u00e1ze typu „siln\u00e1 federace vyr\u016fst\u00e1 ze siln\u00fdch republik“. V\u011bt\u0161inou jsme v\u0161ak nesly\u0161eli vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, kdo si pod slovem federace s p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm adjektivem co p\u0159edstavuje.<\/p>\n

Nad ot\u00e1zkami federalismu b\u00e1daj\u00ed teoretick\u00e9 instituty a za \u0159adu posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed je k disposici mno\u017estv\u00ed teoretick\u00fdch studi\u00ed i konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Federalistick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 zajistit men\u0161\u00edm jednotk\u00e1m dostate\u010dn\u00e9 zohledn\u011bn\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm celku. Podobn\u00e1 pravidla lze pou\u017e\u00edt jak na \u00farovni st\u00e1tu a jeho \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, tak i na \u00farovni republiky \u010di zem\u011b a jej\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podstatnou slo\u017ekou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je princip subsidiarity, tj. podpory ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch celk\u016f v\u016f\u010di v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm, zejm\u00e9na ve v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 nelze na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni vykon\u00e1vat, tedy nap\u0159\u00edklad obrana st\u00e1tu, zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politika, finan\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, aj.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed celky spravovat mohou, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed celek respektuje jejich autonomii.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee kompetence nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt „\u010dist\u00e9“, tj. v\u00fdhradn\u011b jedn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b, ale \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b popsat sd\u00edlen\u00ed kompetenc\u00ed. To lze prov\u00e9st v podstat\u011b ur\u010den\u00edm pom\u011bru finan\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku na \u0161kolstv\u00ed se na r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch pod\u00edl\u00ed konfederace 14%, kantony 54%, obce 32% . Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed programy financuje konfederace 44%, kantony 33%, obce 23%. Zdravotnictv\u00ed 60% kantony, 40% obce. Dopravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b z 37% konfederace, 40% kantony, 23% obce. Obrana 94% konfederace, 4% kantony, 2% obce.<\/p>\n

K zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed dan\u011b, kter\u00e9 je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 p\u0159erozd\u011blovat. Je to obvykl\u00e9 ve v\u0161ech zem\u00edch. Je to v\u00fdraz solidarity (soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti) jednotliv\u00fdch celk\u016f. P\u0159erozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed by v\u0161ak nem\u011blo b\u00fdt z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed politick\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed rozpo\u010dtu, jak tomu u n\u00e1s b\u00fdvalo zvykem, ale transparentn\u00edch dohodnut\u00fdch pravidel. Ve \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9m modelu je 30% p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch dan\u00ed konfederace p\u0159edm\u011btem p\u0159erozd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f (parametr\u016f). V na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch by jimi mohly b\u00fdt po\u010det obyvatel na km \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00ed, da\u0148ov\u00e1 s\u00edla na obyvatele, rozloha zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy, zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i zohledn\u011bn\u00ed \u00fadajn\u00fdch nespravedlnost\u00ed rozpo\u010dtu v minul\u00fdch letech. Z t\u011bchto parametr\u016f se stanov\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u011b charakteristika oblasti, kter\u00e1 se potom rozd\u011bl\u00ed do t\u0159\u00ed skupin a odstup\u0148uje. Tak se rozd\u011bl\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u011b 10% (z ur\u010den\u00fdch t\u0159iceti). Dal\u0161\u00edch 17% se rozd\u011bluje podle exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce. Lze tedy \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee solidarita je p\u0159erozd\u011blov\u00e1na line\u00e1rn\u011b, zat\u00edmco motivace pro vlastn\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed exponenci\u00e1ln\u011b. Ob\u011b polo\u017eky se s\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed a zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i % m\u00e1 k dispozici vl\u00e1da pro vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9ho tvrd\u00e9ho dopadu na n\u011bkter\u00e9 oblasti – tedy jsou p\u0159edm\u011btem politick\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podstatn\u00e9 je, \u017ee tedy dotace (p\u0159erozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed) nen\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed libov\u016fle nebo dobr\u00e9ho odhadu politick\u00e9 reprezentace, ale pravidel a matematick\u00fdch vzorc\u016f, schv\u00e1len\u00fdch (vl\u00e1dou nebo parlamentem). Tak\u00e9 z\u00e1kon stanovuje, \u017ee tyto vzorce mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pravideln\u011b (u n\u00e1s jednou za rok) revidov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 obdobn\u00e9 odstup\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nemocensk\u00e9ho a d\u016fchodov\u00e9ho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 je potom rozpo\u010dtov\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost. Patrn\u011b \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd a mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd rozpo\u010det. P\u016fj\u010dky jsou mo\u017en\u00e9 jen takov\u00e9, \u017ee se splat\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu amortizace investice. Dluhy se tedy nemohou nas\u010d\u00edtat z zp\u016fsobit insolventnost obce, okresu \u010di \u010deho a k po\u017eadavku pokryt\u00ed dluhu z \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch zdroj\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1991 Pojem federace je u n\u00e1s zejm\u00e9na posledn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce \u010dasto diskutovan\u00fd, av\u0161ak bohu\u017eel m\u00e1lokdy odborn\u011b. V programov\u00fdch dokumentech vl\u00e1d, politick\u00fdch stran i v projevech politik\u016f se vyskytoval pojem „autentick\u00e1 federace“…. \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=986"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/986\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":987,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/986\/revisions\/987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=986"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=986"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}