{"id":982,"date":"2015-06-07T22:42:39","date_gmt":"2015-06-07T21:42:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=982"},"modified":"2015-06-07T22:42:39","modified_gmt":"2015-06-07T21:42:39","slug":"sanca-pre-slovensko","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/sanca-pre-slovensko\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160anca pre Slovensko?"},"content":{"rendered":"

14.6.1991<\/span><\/p>\n

Na\u0161\u00ed politikou se ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 rok t\u00e1hnou chmurn\u00e9 vidiny rozpadu federace. Lze si jako protiklad katastrofick\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e p\u0159edstavit sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 udr\u017een\u00ed federace? Jakou \u0161anci m\u00e1 Slovensko v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 je situace? Ze Slovenska se oz\u00fdvaj\u00ed varovn\u00e9 hlasy, nap\u0159\u00edklad o vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed svrchovanosti z\u00e1kon\u016f SNR nad z\u00e1kony feder\u00e1ln\u00edmi. Oz\u00fdv\u00e1 se po\u017eadavek st\u00e1tn\u00ed smlouvy, pro \u010deskou stranu nep\u0159ijateln\u00fd. Hovo\u0159\u00ed se o konfederaci. Ve Slovensk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed rad\u011b je projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n n\u00e1vrh skupiny poslanc\u016f na prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed „Deklarace o st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenit\u011b Slovensk\u00e9 republiky“. V tisku se objevuj\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed: „Jestli\u017ee nem\u016f\u017eeme podepsat st\u00e1tn\u00ed smlouvu, proto\u017ee nejsme subjekty mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, tak bychom m\u011bli ud\u011blat v\u0161echno, abychom se jimi stali, a potom podepsali smlouvu, kter\u00e1 bude m\u00edt nejen vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed platnost, ale kter\u00e1 bude mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b-pr\u00e1vn\u00edm aktem.“ (M.K\u0148a\u017eko 23.5. LN). „Za nejlep\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak dos\u00e1hnout trval\u00e9ho rozvoje Slovenska pova\u017eujeme samostatnou Slovenskou republiku.“ (SNS, J. Proke\u0161 25.5.) „Slovensku nikdo nebr\u00e1n\u00ed, bude-li cht\u00edt b\u00fdt samostatn\u00e9. Osobn\u011b se v\u0161ak nedomn\u00edv\u00e1m, \u017ee by v\u011bt\u0161ina slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda cht\u011bla j\u00edt cestou samostatn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.“ (Havel, 27.5.)<\/p>\n

Existuje v\u016fbec na slovensk\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b politick\u00e1 s\u00edla, kter\u00e1 by o funguj\u00edc\u00ed federaci usilovala v podobn\u00e9m smyslu jako \u010cesk\u00e1 republika? VPN byla ozna\u010dena za nejatraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed milenku. \u010desk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 s\u00edly se uch\u00e1zej\u00ed o jej\u00ed ruku, ale ona st\u00e1le vzdoruje.<\/p>\n

Nezb\u00fdv\u00e1, ne\u017e se vr\u00e1tit do situace p\u0159ed rokem v dob\u011b volebn\u00ed kampan\u011b a p\u0159ipomenout si n\u011bkter\u00e9 motivy v volebn\u00edho programu VPN. „VPN smeruje k pln\u00e9mu sebaur\u010deniu slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda. Slovensk\u00fa \u0161t\u00e1tnos\u0165 ch\u00e1peme ako prirodzen\u00e9 a neod\u0148ate\u013an\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo zav\u0155\u0161i\u0165 v\u0161etky aspekty suverenity modern\u00e9ho eur\u00f3psk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda.“ „Zast\u00e1vame stanovisko, \u017ee p\u00f4vodnou, z\u00e1kladnou suverenitou je suverenita ka\u017edej z oboh n\u00e1rodn\u00fdch republ\u00edk – k\u00fdm suverenita feder\u00e1cie je suverenitou odvodenou, delegovanou.“ „Cielom n\u00e1\u0161ho federat\u00edvn\u00e9ho modelu s\u00fa siln\u00e9 republiky, kompetentn\u00e9 republikov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a parlamenty.“ Dovr\u0161en\u00ed federace „dvoh celkov, probl\u00e9mom ktor\u00fdch nebud\u00fa spory o tom, \u010do im kto pridelil, pridal \u010di odobral – lebo bud\u00fa hospod\u00e1ri\u0165 samostatne.“ „Nem\u00e1me il\u00fazie o tom, \u017ee v\u017edy n\u00e1jdeme pln\u00e9 pochopenie na \u010deskej strane.“ „Na\u0161a nov\u00e1 bud\u00facnos\u0165 – siln\u00e9 a zdrav\u00e9 Slovensko – nebude zadarmo.“ Tak n\u011bjak si VPN p\u0159edstavuje „spolu\u017eitie v autentickej feder\u00e1cii“, ale je to jen jeden aspekt tohoto programu.<\/p>\n

Nejatraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed milenka politick\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny v\u0161ak m\u00e1 druhou tv\u00e1\u0159: „Feder\u00e1ciu ch\u00e1peme ako s\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165, ako navz\u00e1jom prospe\u0161n\u00e9 spojenie s\u00edl zdru\u017een\u00fdch spolo\u010dn\u00fdmi vn\u00fatropolitick\u00fdmi, zahrani\u010dnopolitick\u00fdmi, ekonomick\u00fdmi, kult\u00farn\u00fdmi a \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi z\u00e1ujmami. Feder\u00e1cia mus\u00ed prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 osoh obom stran\u00e1m a jej efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 by mala by\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ne\u017e \u010d\u00edry s\u00fa\u010det \u010desk\u00fdch a slovensk\u00fdch kapac\u00edt.“ Republiky „vo feder\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1vomoci ponechaj\u00fa \u00falohy zahrani\u010dnej politiky, obrany, finan\u010dnej politiky a v prechodnom obdob\u00ed aj niektor\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie nevyhnutn\u00e9, presne dohodnut\u00e9 funkcie.“ „Vyhrocovanie konfliktov by bolo vodou na mlyn star\u00fdm \u0161trukt\u00faram totalitnej moci; zhor\u0161ilo by na\u0161u reput\u00e1ciu vo svete, zabr\u00e1nilo potrebn\u00fdm soci\u00e1lnym a ekonomick\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m a po\u0161kodilo by demokratick\u00fd v\u00fdvin celej feder\u00e1cii.“ „Pova\u017eujeme za u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 zlep\u0161i\u0165 vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa informovanos\u0165 o svojej minulosti i pr\u00edtomnosti, nepodlieha\u0165 vo vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch m\u00fdtom, predsudkom a ned\u00f4vere.“<\/p>\n

Veden\u00ed VPN se p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika t\u00fddny ujal b\u00fdval\u00fd m\u00edstop\u0159edseda slovensk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy Jozef Ku\u010der\u00e1k a do programu VPN se dostalo slovn\u00ed spojen\u00ed „funguj\u00edc\u00ed federace“.<\/p>\n

Pokud m\u00e1 pravdu prezident Havel, \u017ee by v\u011bt\u0161ina slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda necht\u011bla j\u00edt cestou samostatn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, snad by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 na\u010drtnout sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 zachov\u00e1n\u00ed federace. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o st\u00e1topr\u00e1vn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed federace se vle\u010dou ji\u017e mnoho m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Bude-li jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pokra\u010dovat stejn\u00fdm tempem, prohloub\u00ed se hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize cel\u00e9 federace. \u010cesk\u00e1 strana patrn\u011b nebude p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 naklon\u011bna p\u0159i projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rozpo\u010dtu na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok p\u0159erozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed financ\u00ed v r\u00e1mci federace. Projevy prohlouben\u00e9 krize se na Slovensku projev\u00ed s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed razanc\u00ed. Bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se nov\u00e9 volby a p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed \u0161ance pro Slovensko. Pokud si j\u00ed sloven\u0161t\u00ed federalist\u00e9 uv\u011bdom\u00ed, budou hledat politickou s\u00edlu, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla funguj\u00edc\u00ed federaci v programu, a jedinou milenkou bude VPN. Z\u00e1le\u017eet bude jen na moudrosti voli\u010d\u016f (nepodlehnout demagogii \u017ee za v\u0161echno mohou \u010de\u0161i) a na tom, kterou tv\u00e1\u0159 VPN nastav\u00ed. Pokud bude \u0161ance vyu\u017eita, je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee nov\u00e9 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed bude schopno p\u0159ijmout feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastavu.<\/p>\n

K jedin\u00e9mu nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed by mohlo doj\u00edt v tom, co si kdo p\u0159edstav\u00ed pod funguj\u00edc\u00ed federac\u00ed. T\u011b\u017eko odhadovat slovensk\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, ale je mo\u017en\u00e9 na\u010drtnout n\u011bkolik pravidel \u00fastavn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n

Federativn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s sebou toti\u017e nese jist\u00e9 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky. V unit\u00e1rn\u00edch st\u00e1tech se zpravidla z\u00e1kony d\u011bl\u00ed na \u00fastavn\u00ed a oby\u010dejn\u00e9. Dojde-li ke sporu mezi nimi, m\u00e1 \u00fastavn\u00ed z\u00e1kon v\u017edy vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed platnost. O sporu rozhoduje \u00fastavn\u00ed soud. Ve slo\u017een\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b existuje v\u00edce z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdch sbor\u016f a je t\u0159eba stanovit vhtah mezi z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 odhlasuj\u00ed. M\u00e1-li b\u00fdt zaji\u0161t\u011bna nezbytn\u00e1 koordinace a stabilita slo\u017een\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu (spole\u010dn\u00e1 hlava st\u00e1tu, spole\u010dn\u00e1 arm\u00e1da, jednotn\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politika, spole\u010dn\u00e1 m\u011bna) a t\u00edm tak\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu jako subjektu, s n\u00edm\u017e lze uzav\u0159\u00edt v\u011brohodnou smlouvu, mus\u00ed jeden ze z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdch sbor\u016f hr\u00e1t hlavn\u00ed (feder\u00e1ln\u00ed) roli. Jeho feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed z\u00e1kony maj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed s\u00edlu. Ostatn\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kony s nimi nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt v rozporu, na co\u017e dohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed soud. Rovn\u011b\u017e z\u00e1kony ostatn\u00edch z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdch sbor\u016f, a to i \u00fastavn\u00ed, nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt v rozporu s \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm feder\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1konem. Ot\u00e1zkou je, kdo vymez\u00ed kompetence mezi pravomoc\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1konod\u00e1rce a v\u0161emi ostatn\u00edmi. O tom p\u00ed\u0161e krom\u011b jin\u00fdch autor\u016f i n\u00e1\u0161 proslul\u00fd profesor Franti\u0161ek Weyr, kter\u00fd se pod\u00edlel na \u00fastav\u011b z roku 1920: „M\u00e1-li v\u0161ak b\u00fdti zachov\u00e1na normativn\u00ed jednotnost pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du (a t\u00edm t\u00e9\u017e st\u00e1tu), je nezbytn\u011b t\u0159eba, aby jeden ze z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdch sbor\u016f m\u011bl tzv. kompeten\u010dn\u00ed kompetenci (kompeten\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdsost), tj. pr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem mu prop\u016fj\u010denou schopnost, upraviti sob\u011b a druh\u00e9mu (nebo dal\u0161\u00edm) z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdm sbor\u016fm p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost.“ (P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost\u00ed rozum\u00ed to, co dnes naz\u00fdv\u00e1me kompetence.) Tedy feder\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fd sbor mus\u00ed m\u00edt pravomoc kompetence ud\u00edlet, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b odeb\u00edrat ostatn\u00edm. V jin\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se slo\u017een\u00fd st\u00e1t rozpad\u00e1 (co\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme nap\u0159\u00edklad sledovat v Jugosl\u00e1vii).<\/p>\n

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 \u00fastava kompeten\u010dn\u00ed kompetenci funguj\u00edc\u00ed federace dopl\u0148uje o praktick\u00e9 ustanoven\u00ed konkuruj\u00edc\u00edho z\u00e1konod\u00e1rstv\u00ed. Federace ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 ostatn\u00edm z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdm sbor\u016fm pr\u00e1vo v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech p\u0159ij\u00edmat z\u00e1kony, ale pokud je to z hlediska koordinace nutn\u00e9, m\u016f\u017ee zas\u00e1hnout feder\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1konem, kter\u00fd „l\u00e1me“ platnost v\u0161ech z\u00e1kon\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch. Jsou-li tedy \u010d\u00e1sti takov\u00e9 federace rozumn\u00e9, maj\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 pole p\u016fsobnosti, navenek je v\u0161ak takov\u00fd st\u00e1t d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00fdm partnerem, proto\u017ee je zaji\u0161t\u011bna dostate\u010dn\u00e1 koordinace. Konkuruj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1konod\u00e1rstv\u00ed je dodnes sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du SRN.<\/p>\n

Budeme-li schopni p\u0159ijmout \u00fastavu, zaru\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed funguj\u00edc\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1t, pak \u0161ance existuje. Naopak o takov\u00e9m konfederativn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e nen\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn jednotn\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, lze na z\u00e1klad\u011b mnoha historick\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed tvrdit, \u017ee nen\u00ed stabiln\u00ed a vede k vlekl\u00fdm rozpor\u016fm a nakonec k rozpadu.<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee jedna tv\u00e1\u0159 b\u00fdval\u00e9 VPN spr\u00e1vn\u011b pochopila, \u017ee „Vyhrocovanie konfliktov by bolo vodou na mlyn star\u00fdm \u0161trukt\u00faram totalitnej moci; zhor\u0161ilo by na\u0161u reput\u00e1ciu vo svete, zabr\u00e1nilo potrebn\u00fdm soci\u00e1lnym a ekonomick\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m a po\u0161kodilo by demokratick\u00fd v\u00fdvin celej feder\u00e1cii.“ V\u011b\u0159me, \u017ee po rozd\u011blen\u00ed VPN to je ta prav\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

14.6.1991 Na\u0161\u00ed politikou se ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 rok t\u00e1hnou chmurn\u00e9 vidiny rozpadu federace. Lze si jako protiklad katastrofick\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e p\u0159edstavit sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 udr\u017een\u00ed federace? Jakou \u0161anci m\u00e1 Slovensko v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech? Jak\u00e1… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-982","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/982","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=982"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/982\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":983,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/982\/revisions\/983"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=982"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=982"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=982"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}