{"id":422,"date":"2015-05-03T19:18:50","date_gmt":"2015-05-03T18:18:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=422"},"modified":"2015-06-01T11:36:56","modified_gmt":"2015-06-01T10:36:56","slug":"soudni-exekutori-se-neosvedcili","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/soudni-exekutori-se-neosvedcili\/","title":{"rendered":"Soudn\u00ed exekuto\u0159i se neosv\u011bd\u010dili"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/b>Ji\u0159\u00ed Payne\u00a04.3.2015<\/span><\/p>\n

Ji\u017e po stalet\u00ed se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mo\u017enost p\u0159enesen\u00ed v\u00fdkonu st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy na samospr\u00e1vu. Zn\u00e1me dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy se tak \u010din\u00ed. Bu\u010f je p\u0159enesen\u00e1 spr\u00e1va organizov\u00e1na \u00fazemn\u011b, jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obecn\u00ed samospr\u00e1vy, nebo profesn\u011b, jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b komor.\"exek\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem profesn\u00edch komor je stanovit standardy pro v\u00fdkon profese a dohl\u00ed\u017eet na jejich dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159edpisy upravuj\u00edc\u00ed komory odjak\u017eiva a na rozd\u00edl od dne\u0161ka p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obsahovaly rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edval k\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f. Dalo by se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee d\u016fstojn\u00e9 profese d\u00e1valy p\u0159ednost vy\u0159e\u0161it si v\u00a0r\u00e1mci profesn\u00ed komunity mezi sebou p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho \u010dlena, rad\u011bji ne\u017e aby do\u0161lo k\u00a0soudn\u00edmu sporu, kter\u00fd by po\u0161kodil dobr\u00e9 jm\u00e9no cel\u00e9ho stavu. Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem komory bylo jak\u00e9si mimosoudn\u00ed narovn\u00e1n\u00ed. Mo\u017enost soudn\u00edho p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1n\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1vala zachov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d vlastn\u011b st\u00e1t p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed spr\u00e1vu na komory? V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch profes\u00edch by st\u00e1tn\u00ed odborn\u00fd dohled byl v\u00a0rozporu s\u00a0etikou dan\u00e9 profese: kdyby nap\u0159\u00edklad st\u00e1tn\u00ed inspektor dohl\u00ed\u017eel na to, jak advok\u00e1ti h\u00e1j\u00ed sv\u00e9 klienty, do\u0161lo by pr\u00e1v\u011b k\u00a0tomu, co advok\u00e1t ud\u011blat nesm\u00ed \u2013 do\u0161lo by k\u00a0prozrazen\u00ed d\u016fv\u011brn\u00fdch informac\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci. Kdyby st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk dohl\u00ed\u017eel na to, jak l\u00e9ka\u0159i l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed, do\u0161lo by k\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho tajemstv\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00fazemn\u00ed samospr\u00e1vy se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee je pro st\u00e1t v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a hlavn\u011b \u00fasporn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e9st agendu na obecn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se v\u00a0tomto sv\u011btle na to, jak\u00e9 postaven\u00ed maj\u00ed u n\u00e1s soudn\u00ed exekuto\u0159i. Jsou to podnikatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed pro soudy vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed soudn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed v\u00a0majetkov\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika, \u00fadajn\u011b proto, aby zv\u00fd\u0161ila vymahatelnost pr\u00e1va, p\u0159enesla v\u00fdkon rozhodnut\u00ed na exekutory (Ministr Ji\u0159\u00ed Posp\u00ed\u0161il: \u201eJ\u00e1 bych cht\u011bl nejprve \u0159\u00edci, a to zd\u016fraz\u0148uji, \u017ee pova\u017euji z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed exekutor\u016f jako takov\u00fdch za mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd krok pro vymahatelnost pr\u00e1va v \u010cR.\u201c<\/em>). Brzy se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee dohled nad nimi je dost n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost, kterou soudy nezvl\u00e1daj\u00ed, tak\u017ee byla z\u00e1hy exekutor\u016fm z\u00e1konem p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1na stavovsk\u00e1 komora. Proto\u017ee v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nefungovala (ministr Posp\u00ed\u0161il jednu dobu dokonce navrhoval jej\u00ed zru\u0161en\u00ed), z\u016fstala vedle komory ur\u010dit\u00e1 kontroln\u00ed funkce na ministrovi spravedlnosti a povinnost kontroly maj\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona i okresn\u00ed soudy. Nyn\u00ed se uva\u017euje o z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed 86 okresn\u00edch inspektor\u016f jako o nov\u00e9, \u010dtvrt\u00e9, kontroln\u00ed instituci.<\/p>\n

To je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed situace, proto\u017ee existence profesn\u00ed samospr\u00e1vy m\u00e1 smysl jen tehdy, pokud u\u017e nemusej\u00ed existovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 kontroln\u00ed mechanismy, ne\u017e je soudn\u00ed p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1n\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed komory. M\u00e1me-li takto nezvladateln\u00fd a nekontrolovateln\u00fd syst\u00e9m soudn\u00edch exekuc\u00ed, patrn\u011b je fat\u00e1ln\u00ed chyba v\u00a0samotn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed soudn\u00edch exekutor\u016f bylo od\u016fvod\u0148ov\u00e1no pot\u0159ebou zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed vymahatelnosti pr\u00e1va. \u010cesk\u00e9 soudy pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k\u00a0projedn\u00e1n\u00ed kauzy rekordn\u011b dlouh\u00e9 lh\u016fty. Z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed exekutor\u016f m\u011blo napomoci lh\u016fty zkr\u00e1tit. Jenom\u017ee priv\u00e1tn\u00ed exekuto\u0159i vymahatelnosti pr\u00e1va p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepomohli, proto\u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka exekuce je u n\u00e1s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dva roky. A jsou zn\u00e1my p\u0159\u00edpady, \u017ee se exekuce t\u00e1hne i p\u011bt let. Zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9ho c\u00edle prost\u011b nebylo dosa\u017eeno.<\/p>\n

Soudn\u00ed moc se u n\u00e1s vymkla ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 kontrole, i kdy\u017e \u00dastava deklaruje, \u017ee i soudn\u00ed moc je odvozen\u00e1 od ob\u010dan\u016f. A nekontrolovan\u00e1 moc m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek nefunk\u010dnost soud\u016f. Soudci si pletou nez\u00e1vislost s\u00a0nezodpov\u011bdnost\u00ed. Domn\u00edvaj\u00ed se, \u017ee nejsou nikomu odpov\u011bdn\u00ed. M\u00edsto, aby se tato nefunk\u010dnost ve\u0159ejn\u011b \u0159e\u0161ila, abychom podle \u00dastavy p\u0159im\u011bli soudy respektovat spravedlnost, jak ji vn\u00edmaj\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9, abychom p\u0159im\u011bli soudy jednat ve lh\u016ft\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 lze pova\u017eovat za spravedliv\u00e9, z\u0159\u00eddili se priv\u00e1tn\u00ed exekuto\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0sousedn\u00edm N\u011bmecku je jak\u00fdkoliv pokus o privatizaci exekutorsk\u00e9 profese v\u00fdslovn\u011b zak\u00e1z\u00e1n n\u00e1lezem soudu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 by st\u00e1lo za p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1n\u00ed, zda n\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m exeku\u010dn\u00edch podnikatel\u016f neodporuje \u00dastav\u011b. Podle \u00dastavy toti\u017e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt soudn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9, co\u017e exekuce prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 soukrom\u00fdm subjektem z\u00e1sadn\u011b nespl\u0148uje. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 poru\u0161en princip rovnosti, kdy\u017e v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech plat\u00ed v\u00fdkon st\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vy st\u00e1t a v\u00a0jin\u00fdch ob\u010dan.<\/p>\n

Absurdn\u00ed syst\u00e9m exekuc\u00ed, kter\u00fdch m\u00e1me ro\u010dn\u011b zhruba necel\u00fd milion, postihuje neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b velkou \u010d\u00e1st populace. Je toti\u017e nutn\u00e9 uv\u00e1\u017eit, \u017ee exekuce postihuje krom\u011b dlu\u017en\u00edka celou jeho rodinu. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku exekuc\u00ed se tedy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159etina na\u0161ich obyvatel pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s\u00a0exekuc\u00ed nebo s\u00a0jej\u00edmi d\u016fsledky, m\u00edsto aby pracovali. Troufnu si tvrdit, \u017ee to m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na produktivitu pr\u00e1ce a na \u010deskou ekonomiku. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd st\u00e1t na sv\u011bt\u011b nem\u00e1 nastaven\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 parametry tak, aby t\u0159etinu produktivn\u00ed populace postavil do postaven\u00ed, kdy jejich majetkov\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 st\u00e1t chr\u00e1nit, jsou vyd\u00e1na napospas soukrom\u00fdm subjekt\u016fm. Je sice jist\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st dlu\u017en\u00edk\u016f se skute\u010dn\u011b vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 zaplacen\u00ed, ale v\u00a0mnoha a mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech se do exekuce dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed lid\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0d\u016fsledku toho, \u017ee st\u00e1t nepln\u00ed, co m\u00e1 plnit.<\/p>\n

Bylo by mo\u017en\u00e9 navrhnout celou \u0161k\u00e1lu r\u016fzn\u00fdch alternativ, kter\u00e9 by p\u0159edstavovaly slu\u0161n\u011b funguj\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m. N\u00e1\u0161 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed stav je ale v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutn\u00e9 pova\u017eovat za neudr\u017eiteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed by bylo zru\u0161en\u00ed priv\u00e1tn\u00edch exekutor\u016f a p\u0159enesen\u00ed agendy na soudn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed by vykon\u00e1vali soudn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed. K\u00a0jejich povinnostem by m\u011blo pat\u0159it tak\u00e9 doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed soudn\u00edch p\u00edsemnost\u00ed. V\u00a0mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech je toti\u017e p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vzniku slo\u017eit\u00e9 situace pr\u00e1v\u011b nesmysln\u00e9 pojet\u00ed fikce doru\u010den\u00ed obs\u00edlky. St\u00e1t a soudy si prost\u011b usnad\u0148uj\u00ed \u017eivot t\u00edm, \u017ee za nedoru\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1silky potrestaj\u00ed adres\u00e1ta. Um\u00ed-li exekutor dohledat majetek, asi by um\u011bl vyhledat i adres\u00e1ta obs\u00edlky. V\u00fdhodou takov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu by bylo to, \u017ee by existovala jedna jedin\u00e1 osoba odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad: soudce. Kontrolovatelnost syst\u00e9mu by se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161ila.<\/p>\n

Lze si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee by tito soudn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci plnili pro soud i dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fakoly, nap\u0159\u00edklad souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0dom\u00e1c\u00edm n\u00e1sil\u00edm a podobn\u011b. \u00da\u0159edn\u00edci vykon\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed soudu by byli p\u0159\u00edmo pod\u0159\u00edzeni soudci. Ten by za jejich \u010dinnost nesl plnou odpov\u011bdnost. Nepot\u0159ebovali bychom 86 soudn\u00edch ombudsman\u016f, nepot\u0159ebovali bychom \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky na ministerstvu, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed za \u00fakol v\u011bnovat se t\u00e9to problematice, ministr spravedlnosti by nemusel exekutory kontrolovat, proto\u017ee je nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9, aby v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 moc p\u0159\u00edmo zasahovala do prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed moci soudn\u00ed. Nemusela by existovat exekutorsk\u00e1 komora, jej\u00ed\u017e \u010dinnost se v\u00a0podstat\u011b tak\u00e9 plat\u00ed z\u00a0exekuc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M\u011blo by se tak\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit, kdo m\u00e1 platit n\u00e1klady na exekuci. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku plat\u00ed n\u00e1klady v\u011b\u0159itel. M\u00e1 to ur\u010ditou logiku \u2013 proto\u017ee on se chce dostat k\u00a0dlu\u017en\u00fdm pen\u011bz\u016fm a kdy\u017e se k nim dostane, pen\u00edze na zaplacen\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f exekuce m\u00e1. Lze si mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee by \u017e\u00e1dost o exekuci doprov\u00e1zelo zaplacen\u00ed soudn\u00edch poplatk\u016f podle stanoven\u00e9 tarifn\u00ed tabulky, podobn\u011b jako tomu je u jedn\u00e1n\u00ed soud\u016f v\u00a0ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00edch v\u011bcech. Dalo by se tak\u00e9 uva\u017eovat o tom, \u017ee dlu\u017en\u00edk by p\u0159isp\u00edval na n\u00e1klady \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stejnou \u010d\u00e1stkou po proveden\u00ed exekuce. Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed spor dvou soukromopr\u00e1vn\u00edch subjekt\u016f by se \u0159e\u0161il rovn\u00fdm d\u00edlem na n\u00e1klady obou z\u00a0nich. Je skoro jist\u00e9, \u017ee by po\u010det exekuc\u00ed v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b poklesnul.<\/p>\n

Dovedeme si p\u0159edstavit des\u00edtky alternativ ke st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmu nefunk\u010dn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu. Nejde nyn\u00ed o to prosadit kteroukoli z\u00a0t\u011bchto variant, jde o to, aby se neprodlen\u011b za\u010dalo diskutovat o nalezen\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho konsenzu o zaveden\u00ed syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd by na rozd\u00edl od st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho stavu nepot\u0159eboval zoufal\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159i kontroln\u00ed mechanismy, kter\u00fd by byl zasazen do na\u0161eho \u00fastavn\u00edho po\u0159\u00e1dku a kter\u00fd by hlavn\u011b vyjasnil odpov\u011bdnost a povinnosti. Jde o nalezen\u00ed syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd by fungoval.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ji\u0159\u00ed Payne\u00a04.3.2015 Ji\u017e po stalet\u00ed se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mo\u017enost p\u0159enesen\u00ed v\u00fdkonu st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy na samospr\u00e1vu. Zn\u00e1me dva z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy se tak \u010din\u00ed. Bu\u010f je p\u0159enesen\u00e1 spr\u00e1va organizov\u00e1na \u00fazemn\u011b, jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,13,16],"tags":[6,18],"class_list":["post-422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-dompol","category-svobodni","tag-dompol","tag-svobodi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=422"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":426,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/422\/revisions\/426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}