{"id":328,"date":"2015-05-01T02:24:02","date_gmt":"2015-05-01T01:24:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=328"},"modified":"2015-06-01T12:31:02","modified_gmt":"2015-06-01T11:31:02","slug":"pokusy-z-doby-kamenne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/pokusy-z-doby-kamenne\/","title":{"rendered":"Pokusy z doby kamenn\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

5.7.2014<\/span><\/p>\n

Rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1te \u010dasto ohe\u0148 k\u0159es\u00e1n\u00edm? Jako pr\u00e1zdninov\u00fd experiment je to zejm\u00e9na pro d\u011bti docela vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, ale asi byste se vysm\u00e1li ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo by v\u00e1m zkou\u0161el tvrdit, \u017ee to je pokrokov\u00e1 modern\u00ed metoda, jak rozd\u011bl\u00e1vat ohe\u0148. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie se rozhodla uspo\u0159\u00e1dat sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed vnitrostranick\u00e9 referendum. Ud\u011blala to formou sob\u011b vlastn\u00ed, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed dob\u011b jej\u00edho vzniku. Nen\u00ed to zrovna vizitka modern\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany a b\u00fdt jej\u00edm fanou\u0161kem, rychle bych se rozhl\u00ed\u017eel po n\u011bjak\u00e9 modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Vnitrostranick\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, na kter\u00e9m se pod\u00edlej\u00ed v\u0161ichni \u010dlenov\u00e9 strany, na \u010desk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b Svobodn\u00ed provozuj\u00ed ji\u017e p\u011bt let. Nen\u00ed pravda, \u017ee \u010cSSD je prvn\u00ed. Svobodn\u00ed si pro to vyvinuli vlastn\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00ed programov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje to, s \u010d\u00edm se \u010cSSD nyn\u00ed chlub\u00ed, toti\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1dat celost\u00e1tn\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed jenom s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u011bhne v pr\u016fb\u011bhu jednoho t\u00fddne m\u00edsto \u010dty\u0159 t\u00fddn\u016f a uskute\u010dn\u00ed se s nulov\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady m\u00edsto p\u016fl milionu \u010di cel\u00e9ho milionu. \u010clenov\u00e9 hlasuj\u00ed po internetu z libovoln\u00e9ho m\u00edsta na zem\u011bkouli a hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed nejenom \u017ee je tajn\u00e9, ale dokonce ka\u017ed\u00fd hlasuj\u00edc\u00ed dostane elektronickou stvrzenku o tom, \u017ee hlasoval. Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd k\u00f3d na stvrzence mu po skon\u010den\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje ov\u011b\u0159it si, zda byl jeho hlas zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n. Svobodn\u00ed dokonce na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni nikdy nerozhoduj\u00ed jinak, ne\u017e za \u00fa\u010dasti v\u0161ech \u010dlen\u016f. V\u0161echny vnitrostranick\u00e9 volby se rovn\u011b\u017e odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed v elektronick\u00e9 podob\u011b za \u00fa\u010dasti v\u0161ech. Je to toti\u017e metoda nejenom demokratick\u00e1, ale velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b manipulovateln\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Jednou z ot\u00e1zek, o kter\u00e9 budou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 rozhodovat, m\u00e1 b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dast \u0159adov\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f na schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed kandid\u00e1tek. V t\u00e9to oblasti nastal tak\u00e9 pozoruhodn\u00fd pokrok, o kter\u00e9m se mo\u017en\u00e1 v \u010desk\u00e9 kotlin\u011b a v Lidov\u00e9m dom\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem demokracie je u\u017e desetilet\u00ed korupce, kter\u00e1 prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm uvnit\u0159 politick\u00fdch stran p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed kandid\u00e1tek. Stran\u00edk, kter\u00fd chce ud\u011blat kari\u00e9ru, mus\u00ed n\u011bjak \u201auplatit\u2018 sv\u00e9 spolustran\u00edky, aby jej ve form\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9 procedu\u0159e zvolili za kandid\u00e1ta. V praxi to b\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00e9 deleg\u00e1tsk\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, jeho\u017e po\u010det \u010dlen\u016f je p\u0159edem dan\u00fd a po\u010det deleg\u00e1t\u016f jen z\u0159\u00eddka p\u0159evy\u0161uje stovku. Ambiciosn\u00ed stran\u00edk si spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 polovinu tohoto po\u010dtu, p\u0159i\u010dte jedna a v\u00ed, kolik ho bude nominace na kandid\u00e1tku st\u00e1t. \u010casto se nejedn\u00e1 o finan\u010dn\u00ed \u00faplatky, ale o p\u0159\u00edslib n\u011bjak\u00fdch funkc\u00ed nebo jin\u00fdch v\u00fdhod po zvolen\u00ed. \u010casto to tak\u00e9 b\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edslib podpory v jin\u00fdch n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch prim\u00e1rk\u00e1ch. Ze svobodn\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee, ve kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl vyhr\u00e1t ten nejlep\u0161\u00ed, se st\u00e1v\u00e1 fra\u0161ka, proto\u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 skupinky, aliance a n\u011bkdy i spojenectv\u00ed navz\u00e1jem se nen\u00e1vid\u00edc\u00edch stran\u00edk\u016f naprosto znemo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed, aby zv\u00edt\u011bzil ten nejlep\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed si na absenci f\u00e9rov\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee zvykli ji\u017e natolik, \u017ee jim p\u0159ipad\u00e1 slibov\u00e1n\u00ed funkc\u00ed za jistou protislu\u017ebu jako b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st demokracie. To je ale pop\u0159en\u00edm podstaty demokracie, kter\u00e1 je zalo\u017eena na f\u00e9rov\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ei bez deformac\u00ed v podob\u011b z\u00e1kulisn\u00edch dohod a obchod\u016f. Pokud onen ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed stran\u00edk zjist\u00ed, \u017ee se mu nepoda\u0159\u00ed zkorumpovat dostate\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det spolustran\u00edk\u016f, zpravidla si p\u0159ivede takzvan\u00e9 \u201amrtv\u00e9 du\u0161e\u2018. Naverbuje dostate\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed o politiku nemaj\u00ed v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1jem, aby se zm\u011bnila hlasovac\u00ed aritmetika, nutn\u00e1 ke z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed nominace. A zku\u0161enosti uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee politik, kter\u00fd svou kari\u00e9ru za\u010dal korupc\u00ed, pokud je zvolen, prost\u011b pokra\u010duje v tom, co se v ml\u00e1d\u00ed nau\u010dil \u2013 toti\u017e v korupci.<\/p>\n

Zejm\u00e9na v posledn\u00ed \u010dtvrtin\u011b dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed prob\u00edhaly experimenty, jak tento probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161it. Zkou\u0161ely se psychologick\u00e9 testy, zkou\u0161ely se v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 komise, zkou\u0161ely se r\u016fzn\u00e9 bodovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my, zkou\u0161elo se zapojen\u00ed head-hunter\u016f a personalist\u016f, ale v\u00fdsledky byly v pr\u016fm\u011bru hor\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e z vnitrostranick\u00fdch zkorumpovan\u00fdch prim\u00e1rek. A to dokonce bez toho, \u017ee by se bralo v \u00favahu riziko zkorumpovan\u00fdch personalist\u016f a komis\u00ed, kter\u00fdch je podstatn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b, ne\u017e stran\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nakonec v posledn\u00edm desetilet\u00ed minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161el n\u011bkdo s my\u0161lenkou, \u017ee by pro prim\u00e1rky mohl fungovat stejn\u00fd, teoreticky nevysv\u011btliteln\u00fd princip, toti\u017e \u017ee by si vybrat m\u011bli voli\u010di m\u00edsto stran\u00edk\u016f. Mohou-li voli\u010di rozhodovat ve volb\u00e1ch, asi jsou dost moud\u0159\u00ed na to, aby si do voleb vybrali spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho kandid\u00e1ta z mnoha navr\u017een\u00fdch. Tak vznikl koncept otev\u0159en\u00fdch prim\u00e1rek.<\/p>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku se syst\u00e9m, ve kter\u00e9m o kandid\u00e1tk\u00e1ch nerozhoduj\u00ed stran\u00edci, ale sympatizanti strany, pou\u017eil v n\u011bkolika st\u00e1tech americk\u00e9 Unie. K m\u00edrn\u00e9mu p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed analytik\u016f se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee funguje. V praxi to vypad\u00e1 tak, \u017ee voli\u010d, kter\u00fd chce ovlivnit v\u00fdb\u011br kandid\u00e1t\u016f sv\u00e9 strany, se za form\u00e1ln\u00ed administrativn\u00ed poplatek asi ve v\u00fd\u0161i ceny jedn\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159e zaregistruje v kontaktn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 strany (\u010dasto jsou to soukrom\u00e9 obchody nebo restaurace) a odevzd\u00e1 sv\u016fj hlas pro vybran\u00e9ho politika, kter\u00e9ho si p\u0159eje vid\u011bt kandidovat ve volb\u00e1ch. P\u016fvab tohoto syst\u00e9mu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee se p\u0159edem nezn\u00e1 po\u010det hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch, proto se mu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201aotev\u0159en\u00e9 prim\u00e1rky\u2018. Kdyby si n\u011bkdo cht\u011bl nakoupit \u201amrtv\u00e9 du\u0161e\u2018, nev\u00ed, kolik jich bude pot\u0159ebovat. Nav\u00edc ve chv\u00edli, kdy hlasuj\u00ed tis\u00edce lid\u00ed, u\u017e by se pokus o manipulaci provalil. Proto\u017ee se otev\u0159en\u00e9 prim\u00e1rky osv\u011bd\u010dily, postupn\u011b se za\u010daly d\u00e1l \u0161\u00ed\u0159it. Dokonce se povinnost, aby kandid\u00e1ty vyb\u00edrala ve\u0159ejnost, a ne stran\u00edci, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 posazovat do pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f. Strany maj\u00ed politiky vychov\u00e1vat a p\u0159ipravovat, ale vyb\u00edrat si sm\u00ed pouze ve\u0159ejnost. F\u00e9rov\u00e1 sout\u011b\u017e politick\u00fdch stran mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena i na stejn\u011b f\u00e9rov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru kandid\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n

Svobodn\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u011bti lety p\u0159evzali syst\u00e9m otev\u0159en\u00fdch prim\u00e1rek a \u0161li je\u0161t\u011b o krok d\u00e1le. I prim\u00e1rky prob\u00edhaj\u00ed na internetu. Voli\u010di strany se mohou zaregistrovat na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch a pak rozhoduj\u00ed o v\u00fdb\u011bru kandid\u00e1t\u016f. P\u0159izn\u00e1m se, \u017ee jsem se t\u0159\u00e1sl hr\u016fzou, zda to bude fungovat i u n\u00e1s, kdy\u017e jsme otev\u0159en\u00e9 prim\u00e1rky spou\u0161t\u011bli. Tak\u00e9 jsme se ob\u00e1vali, zda syst\u00e9m pochop\u00ed ministerstvo vnitra p\u0159i registraci stanov. Dnes mohu konstatovat, \u017ee elektronick\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed i otev\u0159en\u00e9 prim\u00e1rky skv\u011ble funguj\u00ed a \u017ee ministerstvo vnitra m\u00e1 smysl pro modern\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany.<\/p>\n

Dokonce se domn\u00edv\u00e1m, \u017ee celost\u00e1tn\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed by usnadnilo \u017eivot mnoha spolk\u016fm, kter\u00e9 by nemusely organizovat deleg\u00e1tsk\u00e9 sn\u011bmy a slo\u017eit\u00e1 zased\u00e1n\u00ed, u\u0161et\u0159ily by spoustu pen\u011bz, a p\u0159i tom by jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed demokracie byla pos\u00edlena. Uva\u017eujeme o tom, \u017ee bychom vyzkou\u0161en\u00fd software v budoucnu nab\u00eddli ve\u0159ejnosti v podob\u011b open source.<\/p>\n

Proto \u00favaha \u010cSSD o tom, \u017ee by se na z\u00e1klad\u011b pap\u00edrov\u00e9ho hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 snad jednou dalo uva\u017eovat o tom, \u017ee by \u010dlenov\u00e9 strany v n\u011bjak\u00e9 podob\u011b participovali na schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed (co\u017e je n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed) kandid\u00e1tek nepat\u0159\u00ed do kategorie modern\u00edho vybaven\u00ed politick\u00fdch stran. Kdy\u017e sly\u0161\u00edm, jak se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011bdemokrati\u010dt\u00ed politikov\u00e9 vychloubaj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edm vnitrostranick\u00fdm referendem a tvrd\u00ed, jak\u00fd je to pokrok a projev toho, \u017ee \u010cSSD je modern\u00ed stranou, p\u0159ijde mi to legra\u010dn\u00ed. Modern\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany v jednadvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed oproti stran\u00e1m s praktikami z doby kamenn\u00e9 a oproti hnut\u00edm, kter\u00e1 nam\u00edsto demokracie prosazuj\u00ed mnohem sn\u00e1ze korumpovatelnou autokracii, jsou toti\u017e o n\u011bkolik v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch generac\u00ed d\u00e1le. Ale pro lidstvo je to mal\u00fd kr\u016f\u010dek spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

5.7.2014 Rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1te \u010dasto ohe\u0148 k\u0159es\u00e1n\u00edm? Jako pr\u00e1zdninov\u00fd experiment je to zejm\u00e9na pro d\u011bti docela vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, ale asi byste se vysm\u00e1li ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo by v\u00e1m zkou\u0161el tvrdit, \u017ee to je pokrokov\u00e1… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,13],"tags":[6,18],"class_list":["post-328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-dompol","tag-dompol","tag-svobodi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=328"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":713,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328\/revisions\/713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}