{"id":2617,"date":"2023-05-03T15:35:46","date_gmt":"2023-05-03T14:35:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=2617"},"modified":"2023-05-03T20:41:15","modified_gmt":"2023-05-03T19:41:15","slug":"bazar-misto-trhu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/bazar-misto-trhu\/","title":{"rendered":"Baz\u00e1r m\u00edsto trhu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

3.5.2023<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podstatou tr\u017en\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je f\u00e9rov\u00e1 sout\u011b\u017e. Podstatn\u00fdm \u00fakolem st\u00e1tu je postarat se o to, aby sout\u011b\u017e byla f\u00e9rov\u00e1 a spravedliv\u00e1. K tomu pat\u0159\u00ed i to, \u017ee m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edk nakupovat za stejnou cenu.<\/p>\n

Na \u201ebaz\u00e1rech\u201c zvan\u00fdch n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 \u201esuk\u201c plat\u00ed jin\u00e1 pravidla: cena nen\u00ed p\u0159edem stanovena a o cen\u011b se smlouv\u00e1, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edk dostane individu\u00e1ln\u00ed cenu. Kdy\u017e p\u0159ijde nakupovat cizinec, zaru\u010den\u011b nakupuje s notnou p\u0159ir\u00e1\u017ekou. Tato praxe je podstatn\u00fdm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d se n\u011bkter\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm neda\u0159\u00ed dostat se do kategorie civilizovan\u00fdch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U n\u00e1s se zcela nov\u011b zrodilo \u201etureck\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed\u201c[1]<\/a>, kter\u00e9 dokonce v mnoha oblastech nahradilo tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomiku.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d m\u00e1me dlouhodob\u011b vysok\u00e9 ceny potravin? Kdyby fungoval trh, musely by ceny klesnout b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f na \u00farove\u0148 srovnatelnou se sousedn\u00edmi st\u00e1ty. N\u011bkdo by prost\u011b p\u0159ivezl konkuren\u010dn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed a dal by ho na trh.<\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee u n\u00e1s podstatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st mal\u00fdch obchod\u016f zanikla. Z\u016fstaly ve\u010derky, kter\u00e9 ale nedov\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed potraviny ze sousedn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f, nakupuj\u00ed je ve velk\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u00edch. Tak\u017ee to nen\u00ed konkurence, je to jenom roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed prodejn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b velk\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f. Do jejich postaven\u00ed na trhu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt tato s\u00ed\u0165 zapo\u010dtena, uk\u00e1zalo by se, jak je to s jejich monopoln\u00edm postaven\u00edm. Tr\u017en\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed u n\u00e1s tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze velk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 Republika m\u00e1 prazvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed zvyk nevn\u00edmat podstatu prodej\u016f ve slev\u011b. Slevy jsou tak obl\u00edben\u00e9, \u017ee se prod\u00e1v\u00e1 a\u017e 60% n\u011bkter\u00fdch produkt\u016f ve slev\u011b. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch komodit dokonce 80%. Minist\u0159i a mnoz\u00ed jin\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edch mluv\u00ed o cen\u00e1ch ve slev\u011b jako o n\u011b\u010dem norm\u00e1ln\u00edm.<\/p>\n

P\u0159elo\u017eme si to: pokud se prod\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edc ne\u017e polovina zbo\u017e\u00ed na trhu ve slev\u011b, pak zlevn\u011bn\u00e1 cena je tou tr\u017en\u00ed a \u00fadajn\u00e1 cena bez slevy je n\u011bco jako lichva. Tr\u017en\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed se st\u00e1v\u00e1 nevyzpytateln\u00fdm a konkuren\u010dn\u00ed sout\u011b\u017e p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 fungovat.<\/p>\n

Prodejce nab\u00eddne p\u0159edra\u017een\u00fd produkt. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ho koup\u00ed, t\u0159eba proto, \u017ee ho pr\u00e1v\u011b nutn\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. Pokud se na trhu objev\u00ed konkurence a mohlo by doj\u00edt ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b z\u00e1kazn\u00edka, p\u0159eklop\u00ed prodejce cenu do slevy. D\u00e1 se to p\u0159irovnat k dumpingov\u00e9 taktice. Konkurence je tak vy\u0159azena. Z\u00e1kazn\u00edk si nedok\u00e1\u017ee ud\u011blat smysluplnou p\u0159edstavu o tr\u017en\u00ed cen\u011b. Vlastn\u011b se pohybuje v prost\u0159ed\u00ed dvou tr\u017en\u00edch cen. V syst\u00e9mu v\u00edce tr\u017en\u00edch cen hraj\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce se z\u00e1kazn\u00edky p\u0159esilovou hru. Ani\u017e by se na tom musely n\u011bjak kartelov\u011b domlouvat, prost\u011b hraj\u00ed s dvoj\u00edmi cenami na des\u00edtk\u00e1ch produkt\u016f \u201ebaz\u00e1rovou\u201c hru s cenami. St\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed se v tom, kdo prod\u00e1v\u00e1 tent\u00fd\u017e produkt ve slev\u011b a kdo prod\u00e1v\u00e1 za lichv\u00e1\u0159skou cenu. V\u00fdsledkem je vy\u0161roubov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch cen na \u00farove\u0148, kter\u00e1 nem\u00e1 s tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomikou nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Slevov\u00e9 a v\u011brnostn\u00ed karty jim poskytuj\u00ed absolutn\u00ed kontrolu t\u00edm, \u017ee dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed mnohem podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace, ne\u017e z\u00e1kazn\u00edci nakupuj\u00edc\u00ed na trhu, t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00e9 podle skupin preferenc\u00ed.  <\/p>\n

Pokud nav\u00edc nastanou je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bjak\u00e9 mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 okolnosti, jako t\u0159eba covid nebo energetick\u00e1 krize, da\u0159\u00ed se jim vy\u0161ponovat ji\u017e p\u016fvodn\u011b vysok\u00e9 ceny na dvojn\u00e1sobek. To je zdra\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se ned\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem od\u016fvodnit, kdysi se tomu \u0159\u00edkalo v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 lichva. B\u00fdval to u n\u00e1s trestn\u00fd \u010din: \u201eKdo, vyu\u017e\u00edvaje mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f vyvolan\u00fdch v\u00e1lkou, \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 za p\u0159edm\u011bty pot\u0159eby z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159emr\u0161t\u011bnou cenu, d\u00e1v\u00e1 j\u00ed sob\u011b nebo jin\u00e9mu poskytovati nebo slibovati, potrest\u00e1 se soudem \u2026\u201c<\/em> [2]<\/a><\/p>\n

V \u010dem se tedy li\u0161\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed t\u0159eba od polsk\u00e9ho? Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom, \u017ee se u n\u00e1s polovina zbo\u017e\u00ed prod\u00e1v\u00e1 za lichv\u00e1\u0159skou cenu a druh\u00e1 polovina za m\u00edrn\u011b dumpingovou cenu. Tr\u017en\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed se nem\u016f\u017ee uplatnit. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 cena je vysoko nad pr\u016fm\u011brem, ne\u017e jak\u00fd maj\u00ed v okoln\u00edch zem\u00edch a nevy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed to n\u00e1kupn\u00ed turistika.<\/p>\n

Co se s t\u00edm d\u00e1 d\u011blat? Za prv\u00e9 by m\u011bl antimonopoln\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad[3]<\/a> dostat pravomoci zab\u00fdvat se takov\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my a \u0159e\u0161it je. Mo\u017en\u00e1 bychom mohli hledat formulaci n\u011bjak\u00fdch sankc\u00ed za lichv\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd prodej. Jednou z dal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed by bylo regulovat slevov\u00e9 akce, v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch jsou regulov\u00e1ny \u010dasov\u011b (sezonn\u00ed akce, nesm\u00ed prob\u00edhat celoro\u010dn\u011b), v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch je omezen maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed objem zbo\u017e\u00ed prod\u00e1van\u00e9ho ve slev\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. 20%). Jinou mo\u017enost\u00ed je da\u0148ov\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stanoven\u00fd objem zbo\u017e\u00ed prodan\u00e9ho za \u201elichv\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 ceny\u201c je zdan\u011bno tak, \u017ee firm\u011b zbude stejn\u00e1 mar\u017ee, jako p\u0159i prodeji za \u201ezlevn\u011bnou\u201c cenu. Politikov\u00e9 si mohou vybrat podle sv\u00e9ho vid\u011bn\u00ed sv\u011bta a mohou navrhnout dal\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Je jist\u00e9, \u017ee na prvn\u00ed pohled budou na\u0161i lid\u00e9 na\u0159\u00edkat na t\u00edm, \u017ee by se m\u011bly slevy omezit. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 objasnit jim, \u017ee v\u00fdsledkem funguj\u00edc\u00edho trhu je pro n\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00fd pokles cen a zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed inflace. Omezen\u00edm cen z\u00edskaj\u00ed levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed potraviny a z\u00e1rove\u0148 u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed \u010das sledov\u00e1n\u00edm slevov\u00fdch akc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podobnou deformaci tr\u017en\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u00e1me nap\u0159\u00edklad u telekomunika\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb. Nadpolovi\u010dn\u00ed objem slu\u017eeb je poskytov\u00e1n v r\u016fzn\u00fdch slev\u00e1ch, \u010dasto firemn\u00edch. Jako na \u201ebaz\u00e1ru\u201c u nich vlastn\u011b nakupuje ka\u017ed\u00fd za individu\u00e1ln\u00ed cenu. V takov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed konkurence tak\u00e9 nem\u016f\u017ee fungovat.<\/p>\n

Chceme-li se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s \u0161\u00edlenou inflac\u00ed, mus\u00edme vedle radik\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky \u010cNB, vedle okam\u017eit\u00fdch vl\u00e1dn\u00edch \u00faspor a zastaven\u00ed zadlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnovat pozornost obnoven\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00edho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed trhu. Jsou za to odpov\u011bdn\u00ed jak na\u0161i politikov\u00e9, tak m\u00e9dia.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Omlouv\u00e1m se v\u0161em Turk\u016fm, ale v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b je to epiteton constans a znamen\u00e1 to \u00fapadek mor\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot v obchod\u011b.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Z\u00e1kon 568\/1919 Sb.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00da\u0159ad pro ochranu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

3.5.2023 Podstatou tr\u017en\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je f\u00e9rov\u00e1 sout\u011b\u017e. Podstatn\u00fdm \u00fakolem st\u00e1tu je postarat se o to, aby sout\u011b\u017e byla f\u00e9rov\u00e1 a spravedliv\u00e1. K tomu pat\u0159\u00ed i to, \u017ee m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edk… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2617"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2622,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2617\/revisions\/2622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}