S\u00a0t\u00edm, jak se prohlubuje mezera mezi ob\u010dany a jejich volen\u00fdmi z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci, kte\u0159\u00ed h\u00e1j\u00ed v\u00edce z\u00e1jmy vl\u00e1dy ne\u017e ob\u010dan\u016f, s\u00a0t\u00edm jak Evropsk\u00e1 unie ignoruje n\u00e1zory ob\u010dan\u016f, zesiluje vol\u00e1n\u00ed po p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracii. V\u00a0principu spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 volba. Jenom pozor, proto\u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed si pletou p\u0159\u00edmou demokracii s rozhodov\u00e1n\u00edm dav\u016f. To, \u010demu se u n\u00e1s n\u011bkdy \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 referendum, je ve skute\u010dnosti ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku zapov\u011bzen\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Probl\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve formulaci ot\u00e1zky. Jen obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b by se dal projedn\u00e1vat n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, ke kter\u00e9mu jsou des\u00edtky pozm\u011b\u0148ovac\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f. N\u00e1vrh mus\u00ed b\u00fdt jednozna\u010dn\u00fd a jasn\u011b formulovan\u00fd. Proto v\u017edycky, kdy\u017e se hlasuje o v\u011bdn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce bez toho, aby bylo p\u0159ilo\u017eeno p\u0159esn\u00e9 legislativn\u00ed zn\u011bn\u00ed, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm tahanic\u00edm, jak se m\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed vylo\u017eit, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se m\u00e1 prov\u00e9st. Stejn\u00e9ho omylu se dopou\u0161t\u00ed jak iniciativa referendum, tak strana usiluj\u00edc\u00ed o \u00fadajnou p\u0159\u00edmou demokracii. Takov\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed dramaticky vyost\u0159uje vnit\u0159n\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti, co\u017e je prav\u00fd opak toho, pro\u010d vznikla demokracie.<\/p>\n
Demokratick\u00e9 z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je forma kolektivn\u00edho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 usiluje o nalezen\u00ed kompromisu, kter\u00fd co nejl\u00e9pe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 n\u00e1zor\u016fm ob\u010dan\u016f. Usiluje o minimalizaci vnit\u0159n\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed, proto\u017ee konsensus je p\u0159esn\u011b ta hodnota, kter\u00e1 d\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1tu jako celku stabilitu a s\u00edlu. Demokracie je projevem z\u00e1sadn\u00edch pochybnost\u00ed o schopnosti panovn\u00edk\u016f, dikt\u00e1tor\u016f a \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f nal\u00e9zat kompromis, kter\u00fd minimalizuje probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n
\u0160v\u00fdca\u0159i jako pr\u00e1vn\u00ed velmoc po stalet\u00fdch zku\u0161enostech dosp\u011bli k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracii, ve kter\u00e9 referendum nenahrazuje demokratick\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed parlamentu. Naopak, parlamentn\u00ed demokracii posiluje a zlep\u0161uje jej\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed. Parlament je zvolen k\u00a0tomu, aby odpov\u011bdn\u011b rozhodoval, aby generoval kompromis, kter\u00fd co nejl\u00e9pe odpov\u00edd\u00e1 n\u00e1zor\u016fm voli\u010d\u016f a p\u0159i tom spl\u0148uje po\u017eadavky na dobr\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu. Hlavn\u00ed prvek \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie je takzvan\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 veto. Parlament schv\u00e1l\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kona, a pokud p\u0159i tom poslanci nerespektuj\u00ed n\u00e1zory voli\u010d\u016f, maj\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo postavit se proti schv\u00e1len\u00e9mu z\u00e1konu. Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed stanoven\u00fd po\u010det podpis\u016f a parlament (nikoli vl\u00e1da) zorganizuje lidov\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o p\u0159esn\u00e9m textu z\u00e1kona, jak byl schv\u00e1len. Pokud demokracie funguje, m\u011bla by se v\u00a0lidov\u00e9m hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina vyslovit na podporu z\u00e1kona. Pokud ale z\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu rozhodli z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci jinak, z\u00e1kon prost\u011b neplat\u00ed. Referendum ve \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9m pojet\u00ed je z\u00e1chrann\u00e1 brzda, sebeobrana ob\u010dan\u016f proti zv\u016fli parlamentu. President Wilson kdysi napsal, \u017ee \u201areferendum je revolver za dve\u0159mi\u2018, n\u00e1stroj na ochranu vlastn\u00edho domova a \u017eivota, pokud mne n\u011bkdo ohro\u017euje. Referendum je obrana proti \u0161patn\u011b funguj\u00edc\u00edm poslanc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed nekomunikuj\u00ed s\u00a0ob\u010dany a kte\u0159\u00ed jim nenaslouchaj\u00ed. Je to mnohem \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad odvolatelnost poslanc\u016f.<\/p>\n
Druhou formou \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie je lidov\u00e1 iniciativa. Pokud parlament nechce n\u011bjak\u00fd z\u00e1kon p\u0159ijmout, je mo\u017en\u00e9, aby n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona vznikl n\u011bkde mimo parlament a mimo vl\u00e1du. Zpravidla n\u00e1vrh p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed profeso\u0159i pr\u00e1va, proto\u017ee ne ka\u017ed\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00edk dovede b\u00fdt legislativcem. I tak ale jsou n\u00e1vrhy \u010dasto nekvalitn\u00ed, nejsou t\u00edm hledan\u00fdm kompromisem, ale p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed n\u00e1zor n\u011bjak\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany \u010di filosofie. Proto\u017ee byl t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy takov\u00fd lidov\u00fd (profesorsk\u00fd) n\u00e1vrh zam\u00edtnut v\u00a0lidov\u00e9m hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, vymysleli \u0160v\u00fdca\u0159i tak zvan\u00e9 dvojit\u00e9 ano. Parlament je povinen ve stanoven\u00e9 lh\u016ft\u011b projednat alternativn\u00ed konkuren\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh a ve\u0159ejnosti se p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 dvojice legislativn\u00edch text\u016f. \u00a0Ob\u010dan m\u016f\u017ee hlasovat pro jeden z\u00a0nich, ale m\u016f\u017ee hlasovat i pro oba dva. T\u00edm se zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee lidov\u00e1 iniciativa skute\u010dn\u011b dos\u00e1hne sv\u00e9ho c\u00edle a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd probl\u00e9m se legislativn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed. I tak je lidov\u00e1 iniciativa ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku sp\u00ed\u0161 dopl\u0148kov\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie.<\/p>\n
Proto mus\u00edm nal\u00e9hav\u011b varovat. Nev\u011b\u0159te ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo o p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracii mluv\u00ed, ale navrhuje prav\u00fd opak toho, co je jej\u00edm c\u00edlem. Navrhuje hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o \u010demkoli, navrhuje destabilizaci politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fdm odvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm poslanc\u016f. P\u0159i tom nem\u00e1 napsan\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u016f, jak by se to provedlo. Nam\u00edsto nal\u00e9z\u00e1n\u00ed kompromisu vyvol\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Nam\u00edsto stability vyvol\u00e1 chaos. Nev\u011b\u0159te, \u017ee sta\u010d\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad vyslovit p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed opustit Evropskou unii. Existuj\u00ed tis\u00edce mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak by se to mohlo uskute\u010dnit, museli by k\u00a0tomu p\u0159edlo\u017eit p\u0159esn\u00e9 legislativn\u00ed zn\u011bn\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho proveden\u00ed, co\u017e by byly tis\u00edce str\u00e1nek legislativn\u00edho textu. Podobn\u011b, jako v\u00a0Brit\u00e1nii, v\u00e1gn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed by i u n\u00e1s vedlo jenom k\u00a0prohlouben\u00ed spor\u016f, nebylo by \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
S\u00a0t\u00edm, jak se prohlubuje mezera mezi ob\u010dany a jejich volen\u00fdmi z\u00e1konod\u00e1rci, kte\u0159\u00ed h\u00e1j\u00ed v\u00edce z\u00e1jmy vl\u00e1dy ne\u017e ob\u010dan\u016f, s\u00a0t\u00edm jak Evropsk\u00e1 unie ignoruje n\u00e1zory ob\u010dan\u016f, zesiluje vol\u00e1n\u00ed po p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracii…. \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,13,22,16],"tags":[6,23,18],"class_list":["post-1340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-dompol","category-eu","category-svobodni","tag-dompol","tag-eu","tag-svobodi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1340"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1343,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1340\/revisions\/1343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}