{"id":1116,"date":"2015-06-08T02:39:27","date_gmt":"2015-06-08T01:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=1116"},"modified":"2015-08-31T10:28:37","modified_gmt":"2015-08-31T09:28:37","slug":"psano-na-okraj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/psano-na-okraj\/","title":{"rendered":"Ps\u00e1no na okraj &#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">1995<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V dob\u011b projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jednac\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du k \u00dastav\u011b z roku 1920 napsal v N\u00e1rodn\u00edch listech poslanec Viktor Dyk: &#8222;Zde je nutno dvojn\u00e1sob varovati p\u0159ed ka\u017edou nepromy\u0161lenost\u00ed a nehotovost\u00ed: jedin\u00fd chybn\u00fd paragraf, jedin\u00e1 nepatrn\u00e1 chyba v n\u011bm m\u016f\u017ee zma\u0159it \u00fastavn\u00ed \u017eivot, nebo alespo\u0148 t\u011b\u017ece ochromiti!&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovn\u011b se v tomto podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed projedn\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona o jednac\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du. Stoj\u00ed za to p\u0159ipomenout si n\u011bkter\u00e9 souvislosti tohoto z\u00e1kona mimo jin\u00e9 s ohledem na nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed prosincov\u00fd kongres, kter\u00fd v n\u011bkter\u00fdch drobnostech pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pozm\u011bn\u00ed stanovy ODS. Do stanov ODS je navrhov\u00e1no mimo jin\u00e9 doplnit ustanoven\u00ed, podle kter\u00e9ho by kongres stanovil pravidla pro v\u00fdb\u011br kandid\u00e1t\u016f a sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed kandid\u00e1tek. A nelze vylou\u010dit, \u017ee mo\u017en\u00e1 i n\u011bkter\u00e1 obecn\u00ed zastupitelstva budou zva\u017eovat zm\u011bnu sv\u00e9ho jednac\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parlamentn\u00ed jednac\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d by m\u011bl opr\u00e1\u0161it demokratick\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky a tradice u n\u00e1s kdysi zaveden\u00e9 v takov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, aby se mohl st\u00e1t tak trochu vzorem pro v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed jednac\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy jin\u00fdch demokraticky organizovan\u00fdch sdru\u017een\u00ed u n\u00e1s. Pozornost si v\u0161ak zaslou\u017e\u00ed p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee parlamentn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed proceduru jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, diskuse, voleb a schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch dokument\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u011bkdy v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv na podobu a kvalitu v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zamysleme se v\u0161ak podrobn\u011bji nad povahou takov\u00fdch pravidel hry. Ukazuje se, \u017ee z\u00e1sady demokratick\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nelze odvodit z n\u011bjak\u00fdch axiom\u016f. Sp\u00ed\u0161 jde o ot\u00e1zku v\u00edry: jakoby podm\u00ednkou fungov\u00e1n\u00ed demokracie bylo na demokracii v\u011b\u0159it. V\u011b\u0159it a p\u0159ijmout, \u017ee a\u010dkoli to nelze racion\u00e1ln\u011b vysv\u011btlit v \u00faplnosti, funguje demokratick\u00fd zp\u016fsob rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed tak, \u017ee na prvn\u00ed pohled mo\u017en\u00e1 zd\u00e1nliv\u011b neohraban\u00e1 procedura projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1vrh\u016f nakonec jakoby z\u00e1zrakem vede k odhlasov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159ijateln\u00fdm kompromisem, kter\u00fd by nikdo z hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch nedok\u00e1zal s\u00e1m vytvo\u0159it. Autorita takov\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed je \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e v pravidla, podle kter\u00fdch bylo rozhodnuto.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>&#8222;Nic neodli\u0161uje podm\u00ednky ve svobodn\u00e9 zemi od podm\u00ednek zem\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 vl\u00e1dne sv\u00e9vole, l\u00e9pe, ne\u017e respekt svobodn\u00e9 zem\u011b k velk\u00fdm princip\u016fm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako vl\u00e1da z\u00e1kona.&#8220;<\/strong>, napsal F. A. Hayek. Jde o to, aby se stanovila pevn\u00e1 pravidla pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed pokud mo\u017eno bez ohledu na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed situace a osoby, pravidla vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 p\u0159edem, je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu rozhodnut\u00ed dojde. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by m\u011bla platit z\u00e1sada rovnosti (nebo l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno spravedlnosti: vzpome\u0148me, \u017ee podle p\u016fvodn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu m\u011blo zn\u00edt posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 heslo Spravedlnost-Volnost-Bratrstv\u00ed). M\u011blo by platit, \u017ee ve v\u0161ech obdobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se bude rozhodovat podle stejn\u00fdch pravidel. Tohoto ide\u00e1lu nebylo a nikdy nebude dosa\u017eeno, ale libov\u016fle by m\u011bla b\u00fdt co nejv\u00edce omezena. Ke stabilit\u011b demokratick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1, pokud je omezeno na co nejmen\u0161\u00ed m\u00edru vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pravidel jedn\u00e1n\u00ed &#8222;ad hoc&#8220; a sp\u00ed\u0161e jsou stanovena form\u00e1ln\u00ed pravidla, kter\u00e1 nevych\u00e1zej\u00ed vst\u0159\u00edc \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm okam\u017eit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm nebo pot\u0159eb\u00e1m ur\u010dit\u00fdch lid\u00ed a jsou zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e1 pro tak dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, \u017ee nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, zda budou n\u011bkter\u00fdm lidem pom\u00e1hat v\u00edce ne\u017e jin\u00fdm. M\u016f\u017eeme to p\u0159irovnat k tomu, \u017ee dopravn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed, ani\u017e bychom v\u011bd\u011bli kam m\u00e1 kdo v \u00famyslu jet. Stanov\u00ed se v nich pravidla, kter\u00e1 na cest\u011b k libovoln\u00e9mu c\u00edli mus\u00ed dodr\u017eovat v\u0161ichni. Ten, kdo pravidla nedodr\u017euje, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt ze hry vylou\u010den.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vedle t\u011bchto deskriptivn\u00edch pravidel, kter\u00e1 ur\u010d\u00ed jak\u00e9 posloupnosti \u00fakon\u016f se maj\u00ed za jak\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed konat, mohou jednac\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy obsahovat i pravidla normativn\u00edho r\u00e1zu, toti\u017e \u017ee se ur\u010dit\u00e9 posloupnosti maj\u00ed konat (nap\u0159. pravideln\u00e9 volby). Tak m\u00e1 b\u00fdt zabezpe\u010dena trval\u00e1 \u00facta k zachov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch princip\u016f a to je jedna z podm\u00ednek pro <strong>trval\u00e9 zachov\u00e1n\u00ed svobody<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">P\u0159edem zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pravidla znamenaj\u00ed zaveden\u00ed konkurence (my\u0161lenek, n\u00e1vrh\u016f i osob), zabezpe\u010duj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 \u0161ance pro v\u0161echny. Trvale m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt svoboda zachov\u00e1na jen sledov\u00e1n\u00edm princip\u016f. Naopak je ni\u010dena sledov\u00e1n\u00edm \u00fa\u010delovosti. Rozli\u0161ujme r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy slova <em>pragmatismus<\/em>, kter\u00e9 b\u00fdv\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no jako ekvivalent \u00fa\u010delnosti, ale tak\u00e9 se j\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee maskovat prosp\u011bch\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, o n\u011bm\u017e Carl Menger v Problems of Economics and Sociology varoval, proto\u017ee &#8222;navzdory \u00famysl\u016fm jeho p\u0448edstavitel\u016f vede nezbytn\u011b k socialismu&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dobr\u00fd jednac\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d s\u00e1m o sob\u011b v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed z\u00e1rukou demokracie. Form\u00e1ln\u00ed demokratick\u00e1 procedura a jej\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161 charakter element\u00e1rn\u00ed abecedy (v\u017edy\u0165 form\u00e1ln\u011b demokratickou procedurou lze schv\u00e1lit i nedemokratick\u00e9 z\u00e1kony). Av\u0161ak bez podrobn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, pravidel hry platn\u00fdch pro v\u0161echny \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky, je demokratick\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed nemysliteln\u00e9. Proto je t\u0159eba st\u0159e\u017eit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed opatrnost\u00ed. V\u017edy se o n\u011b a jejich \u010distotu mus\u00ed pe\u010dovat. Jak stoj\u00ed ps\u00e1no v \u00dastav\u011b Severn\u00ed Karoliny: <strong>&#8222;\u010cast\u00fd n\u00e1vrat k fundament\u00e1ln\u00edm princip\u016fm je absolutn\u011b nezbytn\u00fd pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eehnan\u00fdch dar\u016f svobody.&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1995 V dob\u011b projedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jednac\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du k \u00dastav\u011b z roku 1920 napsal v N\u00e1rodn\u00edch listech poslanec Viktor Dyk: &#8222;Zde je nutno dvojn\u00e1sob varovati p\u0159ed ka\u017edou nepromy\u0161lenost\u00ed a nehotovost\u00ed: jedin\u00fd chybn\u00fd&#8230; <a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/psano-na-okraj\/\">\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1116"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1215,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1116\/revisions\/1215"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1116"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}