{"id":109,"date":"2015-04-30T14:04:21","date_gmt":"2015-04-30T13:04:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=109"},"modified":"2015-06-01T15:40:00","modified_gmt":"2015-06-01T14:40:00","slug":"smes-orwella-s-kafkou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/smes-orwella-s-kafkou\/","title":{"rendered":"Sm\u011bs Orwella s Kafkou"},"content":{"rendered":"

15.4.2009<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee v evropsk\u00e9 integraci trv\u00e1 demokratick\u00fd deficit des\u00edtky let? \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 ze smluv, kter\u00fdch bylo mezit\u00edm ratifikov\u00e1no nejm\u00e9n\u011b deset, probl\u00e9m ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed ani trochu. Je to snad z d\u016fvodu nemo\u017enosti naj\u00edt \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed? Nebo jsou akt\u00e9\u0159i v EU tak neschopn\u00ed? Pro\u010d se podoba EU jak\u00e9mukoli zn\u00e1m\u00e9mu politick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu st\u00e1le vzdaluje?
\n<\/em><\/span>
\nMus\u00edme se vr\u00e1tit k samotn\u00fdm z\u00e1klad\u016fm evropsk\u00e9 integrace. V pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 Evrop\u011b panovala velik\u00e1 skepse jak v\u016f\u010di syst\u00e9mu politick\u00fdch stran, tak v\u016f\u010di demokratick\u00e9mu z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Z\u010d\u00e1sti pod vlivem sov\u011btsk\u00e9 propagandy, z\u010d\u00e1sti z nad\u0161en\u00ed pro cokoli nov\u00e9ho, mnoz\u00ed tehdy uva\u017eovali o n\u011bjak\u00e9m nov\u00e9m politick\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, o nov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd by p\u0159inesl v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd m\u00edr.<\/p>\n

Komunista Altiero Spinelli, zakladatel Evropsk\u00e9ho federalistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed, navrhoval vytvo\u0159en\u00ed celoevropsk\u00e9ho \u00fastavod\u00e1rn\u00e9ho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by napsalo \u00fastavu feder\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropy. Mohlo by se jednat o relativn\u011b slabou federalizaci jen v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech, uva\u017eoval. Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed model je dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fd, nem\u011bl by \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd demokratick\u00fd deficit. Av\u0161ak jeho n\u00e1vrh byl zcela zavr\u017een!<\/p>\n

Dne 28. 4. 1950 navrhnul Jean Monnet zcela ne\u010dekan\u011b tehdej\u0161\u00edmu ministru zahrani\u010d\u00ed Francie Robertu Schumanovi experiment zcela jin\u00e9ho druhu, kter\u00fd l\u00e9ta pl\u00e1noval. V\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee kdyby cel\u00fd projekt navrhnul najednou, nebyl by akceptov\u00e1n. Navrhoval tedy postupovat sal\u00e1movou metodou, p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm \u201ed\u00edl\u010d\u00edch, ale rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f“. Robert Schuman b\u011bhem dvou dn\u016f jeho n\u00e1vrh p\u0159ijal a nechal jej dopracovat. N\u00e1sledn\u011b 9. kv\u011btna 1950 jej p\u0159edlo\u017eil ve\u0159ejnosti pod sv\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem.
\nPro za\u010d\u00e1tek cht\u011bl odejmout hlavn\u00edm evropsk\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010d\u016fm kontrolu nad strategick\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem – produkc\u00ed uhl\u00ed a oceli. T\u00edm se m\u011bly st\u00e1t evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nesv\u00e9pr\u00e1vn\u00fdmi a neschopn\u00fdmi samostatn\u011b jednat. Byl to programov\u00fd \u00fatok na jejich faktickou suverenitu. Strategickou produkci m\u011bl \u0159\u00eddit nam\u00edsto konkurence Vysok\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad, jeho\u017e rozhodnut\u00ed m\u011bla b\u00fdt „p\u0159\u00edmo aplikov\u00e1na“ v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi. Do jeho p\u016fsobnosti m\u011bla pat\u0159it regulace cen v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nadprodukce nebo nedostatku a kontrola investic. Ob\u011b sdru\u017een\u00ed m\u011bla Parlamentn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edmo volen\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi parlamenty a Soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr.<\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bji bylo z\u0159\u00edzeno Evropsk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sdru\u017een\u00ed (EHS), kter\u00e9 zavedlo na m\u00edsto Vysok\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu Komisi. Po slou\u010den\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed instituc\u00ed se ponechal n\u00e1zev \u00fa\u0159adu \u201aKomise\u2018, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak m\u00e1 podobn\u00e9 pravomoci, jako v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 moc v demokratick\u00fdch z\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1stupci v Komisi po jednom za mal\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a po dvou za velk\u00e9 byli jmenov\u00e1ni na p\u011bt let bez mo\u017enosti odvol\u00e1n\u00ed. Komise m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo pod\u00e1vat n\u00e1vrhy \u201az\u00e1kon\u016f\u2018, Rada ministr\u016f bez Komise nem\u016f\u017ee samostatn\u011b jednat. Po\u017eadavek, \u017ee Komise mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tvo\u0159ena \u201anez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi osobami\u2018, pomohl zamaskovat absenci jak\u00e9koli kontroly.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e1 konstrukce dodnes bud\u00ed zd\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, ale ve skute\u010dnosti je prav\u00fdm opakem demokracie a politiky. U\u017e v roce 1950 se Belgie a Nizozem\u00ed ob\u00e1valy, \u017ee Francie s N\u011bmeckem ovl\u00e1dnou celou organizaci a proto navrhly Radu ministr\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b \u010dinnost Komise hl\u00eddat, nikdy v\u0161ak nez\u00edskala pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pravomoci. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy tedy nemaj\u00ed ani n\u00e1znak demokratick\u00e9 legitimity. Asi nejde vymyslet \u010dist\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1du \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f (BYROKRACII) bez sebemen\u0161\u00edho politick\u00e9ho obsahu, ne\u017e je Evropsk\u00e1 komise: nikomu nen\u00ed odpov\u011bdn\u00e1, nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho srozumiteln\u00e9ho programu, ani z \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 filosofie.
\nZa\u010dalo se tvrdit, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 probl\u00e9my jsou tak slo\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee je neum\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it jednotliv\u00e9 zem\u011b a jejich politick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. Neodpust\u00edm si pozn\u00e1mku z hlediska sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed profese jadern\u00e9ho fyzika: Na matematicko-fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed fakult\u011b mne nau\u010dili p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, \u017ee lidstvo za cel\u00e9 d\u011bjiny nevymyslelo nic slo\u017eit\u00e9ho. V\u0161echno je jen \u0159et\u00edzek jednoduch\u00fdch logick\u00fdch posloupnost\u00ed. Ani Evropa nen\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou, pokud to n\u011bkdo tvrd\u00ed, tak l\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Pakli\u017ee byla u ko\u0159en\u016f evropsk\u00e9 integrace ned\u016fv\u011bra mezi Franci\u00ed a N\u011bmeckem, pro\u010d bychom m\u011bli v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee jejich velmocensk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci EU bude jin\u00e9? P\u016fvodn\u00ed pojistkou m\u011bla b\u00fdt hlasovac\u00ed s\u00edla mal\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e1 by za v\u0161ech okolnost\u00ed p\u0159ehlasovala souru\u010denstv\u00ed Francie a N\u011bmecka. Lisabonsk\u00e1 smlouva tuto pojistku odstra\u0148uje. EU po Lisabonsk\u00e9 smlouv\u011b stejn\u011b ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kv\u016fli kter\u00fdm integrace za\u010dala.
\nAby byl zaji\u0161t\u011bn \u201anadstranick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup\u2018, je smlouvou zak\u00e1z\u00e1no jak\u00e9koliv ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed Komise ze strany \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Co je to za \u0161\u00edlen\u00e9 pojet\u00ed stranickosti? Z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed nadstranick\u00e9 nepolitick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, p\u0159ece nesm\u011bj\u00ed podl\u00e9hat politick\u00e9mu rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pouze tam, kde nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 objektivn\u00ed kriterium, podle kter\u00e9ho by v\u011bc rozhodli \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci, mus\u00ed nastoupit politick\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z mnoha alternativ zvol\u00ed jednu politickou filosofii, podle kter\u00e9 lze posoudit, co je spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a co ne. Nadstranick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, zbaven\u00fd jak\u00e9hokoli filosofick\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce, nekontrolovan\u00e1 moc \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, to je nej\u010dern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u016fra v\u0161ech demokrat\u016f. Je sm\u011bs\u00ed Orwella s Kafkou.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem Jeana Monneta nikdy nebylo politicky sjednotit evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, ale nen\u00e1padn\u011b nahradit politick\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dou \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f – Vysok\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem, nepolitickou moc\u00ed. Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee Evropsk\u00e1 unie se rusky naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Evrop\u011bjskij Sojuz (\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437). Mocensk\u00fd mechanismus EU bud\u00ed zd\u00e1n\u00ed podobnosti nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 funguj\u00edc\u00ed demokracii – zd\u00e1nliv\u011b existuje parlament, soud, exekutiva. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsou to maskovac\u00ed kulisy, kter\u00e9 zast\u00edraj\u00ed pravou podstatu syst\u00e9mu, ve kter\u00e9m neexistuje ani demokratick\u00e1 kontrola ob\u010dany evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, ani vl\u00e1dami \u010dlensk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed se d\u011bje bez jak\u00e9hokoli politick\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu a bez jak\u00e9koli odpov\u011bdnosti. N\u00e1hubkov\u00fd Slu\u017eebn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d Evropsk\u00e9 komise jakoukoli ve\u0159ejnou kontrolu znemo\u017e\u0148uje, nikdo se nic nedov\u00ed. Desetitis\u00edce pr\u00e1vn\u00edch euronorem neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159it si, jak\u00e9 d\u016fsledky legislativa m\u00e1.<\/p>\n

T\u011b\u017eko v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee by za des\u00edtky let existence tohoto pokusu o integraci evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f nikdo nep\u0159i\u0161el na n\u00e1pad, \u017ee demokratick\u00fd deficit lze snadno odstranit: sta\u010d\u00ed odejmout Komisi moc a vr\u00e1tit ji na politick\u00e9 h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b. Evropsk\u00e1 komise \u017e\u00e1rliv\u011b st\u0159e\u017e\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed sv\u00e9 moci, kterou nepozorovan\u011b vytunelovala do Bruselu. Chceme-li zachovat v Evrop\u011b svobodu, mus\u00edme nahradit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed vl\u00e1du \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f jinou alternativou. Jak\u00e9koli politick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bude lep\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00e1 podoba EU.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

15.4.2009 Jak je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee v evropsk\u00e9 integraci trv\u00e1 demokratick\u00fd deficit des\u00edtky let? \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 ze smluv, kter\u00fdch bylo mezit\u00edm ratifikov\u00e1no nejm\u00e9n\u011b deset, probl\u00e9m ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed ani trochu. Je to snad z… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,22,16,9],"tags":[23,18,5],"class_list":["post-109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","category-eu","category-svobodni","category-zahrpol","tag-eu","tag-svobodi","tag-zahrpol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":776,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions\/776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}