{"id":1081,"date":"2015-06-08T02:00:12","date_gmt":"2015-06-08T01:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=1081"},"modified":"2015-06-08T02:00:12","modified_gmt":"2015-06-08T01:00:12","slug":"filosofie-pravniho-radu-a-lidska-prava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/filosofie-pravniho-radu-a-lidska-prava\/","title":{"rendered":"Filosofie pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du a lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">16.12.1997<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V na\u0161em politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b chyb\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed debaty, tak\u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly a rozd\u00edly politick\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti utajeny. Do t\u00e9to kategorie pat\u0159\u00ed i obecn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed pr\u00e1va, \u010di pr\u00e1vn\u00ed filosofie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Abychom mohli o tomto probl\u00e9mu v\u016fbec zah\u00e1jit rozpravu, mus\u00edm se pokusit za cenu zoufal\u00e9ho zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed (nebo\u0165 p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edstavy pro\u0161ly v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdmi podobami) na\u010drtnout to, co je pro p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00ed sm\u011bry spole\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">P\u0159irozen\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo (ius naturale) vych\u00e1zelo z p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee existuje soubor nem\u011bnn\u00fdch pravidel, kter\u00e1 ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed celou p\u0159\u00edrodu, jak\u00fdsi v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Tomuto \u0159\u00e1du byl p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n bo\u017esk\u00fd p\u016fvod. Positivn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je jen nedokonalou napodobeninou princip\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou obsa\u017eeny v objektivn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch idej\u00ed. Z transcendentn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du se odv\u00edj\u00ed tak\u00e9 z\u00e1vazn\u00fd, univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed a spravedliv\u00fd model pr\u00e1vn\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch vztah\u016f, tedy i st\u00e1t. Dokonce nalezneme i pojem &#8222;jusristick\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd n\u00e1zor&#8220;. K p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00edmu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed i p\u0159edstava, \u017ee p\u0159irozen\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo je nad\u0159azeno platn\u00e9mu pozitivn\u00edmu pr\u00e1vu, tak\u017ee st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc mus\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e1 pr\u00e1va respektovat.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z t\u00e9to pozice byla tak\u00e9 vedena kritika b\u00fdval\u00e9ho komunistick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu u n\u00e1s: jeho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo v rozporu s p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00edmi principy. Znamenalo to, \u017ee nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 respektovat z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 pova\u017euji za nespravedliv\u00e9. Tato kritika sice umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed soud nad zlo\u010diny komunismu, ale m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 sv\u00e1 \u00faskal\u00ed. Jakmile p\u0159ipust\u00edm, \u017ee existuje n\u011bco jako &#8222;nadz\u00e1konn\u00e9&#8220; pr\u00e1vo, p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00edm, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 z pohledu ideologie, kter\u00e1 si \u010din\u00ed n\u00e1rok b\u00fdt absolutn\u00ed (univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed, totalitn\u00ed) postupovat i v rozporu s platn\u00fdm positivn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem, pokud to vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jem vy\u017eaduje. To je ale p\u0159esn\u011b to, co komunistick\u00fd re\u017eim vyu\u017e\u00edval a to je tak\u00e9 d\u016fvod, pro\u010d m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed velmi problematick\u00e9 v postkomunistick\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b, kde doposud nen\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee z\u00e1kony se maj\u00ed opravdu dodr\u017eovat, kde jen s velkou d\u00e1vkou naivity se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee alespo\u0148 v\u011bt\u0161ina spole\u010dnosti m\u00e1 shodn\u00e9 p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edstavy a je ochotn\u00e1 se podle nich dobrovoln\u011b \u0159\u00eddit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vedle positivn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00edho pojet\u00ed se p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od reformace utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed d\u016fraz na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed svobodu sv\u011bdom\u00ed, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed pr\u00e1va, nep\u0159enosnost pr\u00e1v, nezcizitelnost pr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed teorie ov\u0161em pokro\u010dila (ji\u017e v dob\u011b reformace se utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed d\u016fraz na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed svobodu sv\u011bdom\u00ed, na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed pr\u00e1va a jejich nezcizitelnost). V tomto stolet\u00ed do\u0161lo k posunu od p\u0159irozen\u00fdch povinnost\u00ed ke kodifikovan\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm subjektivn\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u016fm, k ob\u010dansk\u00fdm pr\u00e1v\u016fm. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee nem\u011bnn\u00e9 transcendentn\u00ed principy, pot\u00e9 co byly kodifikov\u00e1ny, podl\u00e9haj\u00ed sv\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji. A tak zat\u00edmco d\u0159\u00edve byla obhajov\u00e1na nem\u011bnnost, konstantn\u00ed a absolutn\u00ed platnost normativn\u00edch princip\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, dnes vystupuje do pop\u0159ed\u00ed koncepce prom\u011bnlivosti a variability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00dapln\u011b nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup vych\u00e1z\u00ed z dokument\u016f a jedn\u00e1n\u00ed OBSE. V r\u00e1mci helsinsk\u00e9ho procesu byly sjedn\u00e1ny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kodexy slu\u0161n\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f k ob\u010danovi (dokumenty o lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech) a sjedn\u00e1vaj\u00ed se kodexy slu\u0161n\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f mezi sebou (nap\u0159\u00edklad smlouva o voln\u00e9m nebi apod.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1va\u017enou skute\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee ani po osmi letech transformace se dosud nepoda\u0159ilo zah\u00e1jit diskusi o filosofii pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to neujasn\u011bnosti prob\u00edh\u00e1 ji\u017e n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f diskuse o koncepci lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v zahrani\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdboru. Zat\u00edmco \u010d\u00e1st poslanc\u016f vych\u00e1z\u00ed z p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00edho pojet\u00ed, z p\u0159edstavy univerz\u00e1ln\u011b platn\u00fdch kodex\u016f lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, z p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee b\u00edl\u00fd mu\u017e m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo p\u0159in\u00e9st lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va zaostal\u00fdm kultur\u00e1m, jin\u00ed tuto teorii nevyzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jakkoli nejsem vyznava\u010dem teorie sr\u00e1\u017eky civilisac\u00ed (S. Huntington), jsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee civiliza\u010dn\u00ed rozd\u00edly nelze bagatelisovat. Jsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee &#8222;b\u00edl\u00e9mu mu\u017ei&#8220; slu\u0161\u00ed daleko v\u00edce pokory a m\u00e9n\u011b sob\u011bst\u0159ednosti. To, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017ee vyr\u00e1b\u011bt videa, mobiln\u00ed telefony a Mercedesy, je\u0161t\u011b neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u017eije kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u017eivotem. A i kdyby byl \u017eivot &#8222;b\u00edl\u00e9ho mu\u017ee&#8220; tak neskonale \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd, jak jej presentuj\u00ed reklamy, je\u0161t\u011b z toho nevypl\u00fdv\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo pop\u00edrat jak\u00e9koli jin\u00e9 my\u0161lenkov\u00e9, filosofick\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z toho d\u016fvodu je podle mne p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e se p\u0159idr\u017e\u00edme my\u0161lenky, kterou vnesl profesor Jan Pato\u010dka do Charty 77, toti\u017e \u017ee st\u00e1t by m\u011bl dodr\u017eovat alespo\u0148 sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed positivn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. I to n\u00e1m toti\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje vystupovat na podporu dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a p\u0159itom se nedost\u00e1v\u00e1me do proklet\u00ed p\u00fdchy, kter\u00e1 evropsk\u00e9ho b\u00edl\u00e9ho mu\u017ee prov\u00e1z\u00ed ji\u017e po stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v diskutovan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v \u010c\u00edn\u011b je mysliteln\u00e1 vedle p\u0159irozenopr\u00e1vn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu tak\u00e9 cesta odvolat se na platn\u00e9 positivn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. \u010c\u00edna sice neratifikovala \u0159adu obvykl\u00fdch dokument\u016f o lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech, av\u0161ak \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u00dastava garantuje v\u0161em ob\u010dan\u016fm svobodu slova, tisku, shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a demonstrace, svobodu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho se ale \u010c\u00edna stala smluvn\u00ed stranou \u00damluvy o potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a trest\u00e1n\u00ed zlo\u010dinu apartheidu, \u00damluvy o prevenci a trest\u00e1n\u00ed zlo\u010dinu genocidy, \u00damluvy o pr\u00e1vech d\u00edt\u011bte, \u00damluvy o zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech forem diskriminace \u017een, \u00damluvy proti mu\u010den\u00ed a jin\u00fdm krutostem, nelidsk\u00e9mu \u010di poni\u017euj\u00edc\u00edmu zach\u00e1zen\u00ed \u010di trest\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00damluvy a Protokolu o postaven\u00ed uprchl\u00edk\u016f. Ani\u017e bychom se dostali do mo\u010d\u00e1l\u016f debat o univerzalit\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch (kter\u00fdch?) pr\u00e1v a svobod, m\u016f\u017eeme se plnou vahou sv\u00e9 autority postavit za dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch pravidel &#8222;slu\u0161n\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed&#8220; kter\u00e9hokoli st\u00e1tu v\u016f\u010di jeho ob\u010dan\u016fm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>16.12.1997 V na\u0161em politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b chyb\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed debaty, tak\u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly a rozd\u00edly politick\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti utajeny. Do t\u00e9to kategorie pat\u0159\u00ed i obecn\u00e9 pojet\u00ed pr\u00e1va, \u010di pr\u00e1vn\u00ed filosofie&#8230;. <a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/filosofie-pravniho-radu-a-lidska-prava\/\">\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1081"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1082,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081\/revisions\/1082"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}