{"id":1077,"date":"2015-06-08T00:23:46","date_gmt":"2015-06-07T23:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=1077"},"modified":"2015-06-08T00:23:46","modified_gmt":"2015-06-07T23:23:46","slug":"temne-umysly-velkych-stran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/temne-umysly-velkych-stran\/","title":{"rendered":"Temn\u00e9 \u00famysly velk\u00fdch stran"},"content":{"rendered":"

25.7.1998<\/span><\/p>\n

Jsou z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 se upravuj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto, jsou jin\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se poda\u0159\u00ed zm\u011bnit jen v dob\u00e1ch kriz\u00ed. Volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon pat\u0159\u00ed k t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 se m\u011bn\u00ed nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji. V\u017edy se toti\u017e n\u011bjak\u00e9 strany c\u00edt\u00ed b\u00fdt zm\u011bnou volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona ohro\u017eeny.<\/p>\n

V atmosf\u00e9\u0159e ji\u017e obvykl\u00fdch p\u0159edsudk\u016f v\u016f\u010di ODS se doposud oz\u00fdvala pouze kritika opozi\u010dn\u00ed smlouvy. Koment\u00e1\u0159e mudruj\u00ed, \u017ee zm\u011bna volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu je dozajista motivov\u00e1na ne\u010dist\u00fdmi z\u00e1m\u011bry velk\u00fdch politick\u00fdch stran a temn\u00fdmi \u00famysly zni\u010dit demokracii. Nikdo n\u00e1m doposud nepolo\u017eil ot\u00e1zku, jak\u00e9 d\u016fvody<\/strong> n\u00e1s k n\u00e1vrhu zm\u011bny volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona vedou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1\u0161 doposud u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon vznikal ve sp\u011bchu na ja\u0159e v roce 1990. Bez d\u016fkladn\u00e9 diskuse a tak trp\u00ed velk\u00fdm vnit\u0159n\u00edm protikladem.<\/p>\n

Za z\u00e1klad byl vzat volebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m prvorepublikov\u00fd, jen\u017e si kladl za c\u00edl v n\u00e1rodnostn\u011b a men\u0161inov\u011b komplikovan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout toho, aby i ta sebenepatrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed men\u0161ina byla v tehdej\u0161\u00edm N\u00e1rodn\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed zastoupena. Proto byl uplatn\u011bn syst\u00e9m t\u0159\u00ed scrutini\u00ed, kter\u00fd poslepov\u00e1n\u00edm drobn\u00fdch zlomk\u016f mand\u00e1tu z jednotliv\u00fdch volebn\u00edch kraj\u016f vytvo\u0159il snadnou mo\u017enost, aby se do Parlamentu dostal i z\u00e1stupce nepatrn\u00fdch men\u0161in. V\u00fdsledky voleb tomu odpov\u00eddaly. Rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 struktura v\u0161ak nab\u00edz\u00ed v povolebn\u00edch koali\u010dn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00edch mo\u017enost vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vl\u00e1d s podporou drobn\u00fdch strani\u010dek, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak st\u011b\u017e\u00ed mohou vyd\u00edrat \u010di po\u017eadovat zastoupen\u00ed ve vl\u00e1d\u011b. Zpravidla mus\u00ed vl\u00e1da vz\u00edt ohled na parci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1jmy takov\u00e9 mal\u00e9 skupiny a t\u00edm je zaji\u0161t\u011bna jej\u00ed podpora. Takov\u00fd politick\u00fd model zn\u00e1me v nejtypi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podob\u011b v Izraeli.<\/p>\n

Matado\u0159i Ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra cht\u011bli \u00fadajn\u011b p\u0159evzet\u00edm tohoto syst\u00e9mu podporovat vznik nov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch stran. M\u011bli v\u0161ak starost, aby jich nebylo p\u0159esp\u0159\u00edli\u0161 (a ono bylo – kandidovaly jich v\u017edy des\u00edtky). Proto byla vytvo\u0159ena p\u011btiprocentn\u00ed klausule, kter\u00e1 t\u011bmto mal\u00fdm stran\u00e1m znemo\u017enila vstup do sn\u011bmovny.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledn\u00fd volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon trp\u00ed schisofreni\u00ed<\/strong>: na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b formou dvou skrutini\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159uje k tomu, aby vznikaly mal\u00e9 strani\u010dky, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b mal\u00e9 strani\u010dky, kter\u00e9 nep\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed 5% hranici ze zastoupen\u00ed vylou\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem tohoto protikladu mus\u00ed z\u00e1konit\u011b b\u00fdt skute\u010dnost, \u017ee zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed voli\u010dsk\u00fdch hlas\u016f propad\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee do sn\u011bmovny se v\u017edy dostane n\u011bkolik asi p\u011btiprocentn\u00edch stran. Kv\u016fli klausuli chyb\u00ed malink\u00e1 seskupen\u00ed \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bkolik mand\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e1 by mohla poskytnout „vatu“ v jedn\u00e1n\u00edch o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, p\u011btiprocentn\u00ed strany si zase cen\u00ed samy sebe p\u0159esp\u0159\u00edli\u0161.<\/p>\n

Jednocifern\u00e9 strany v obav\u011b, \u017ee by mohly klesnout pod p\u011btiprocentn\u00ed hranici povedou z\u00e1konit\u011b k\u0159e\u010dovitou politiku vyd\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed (v touze z\u00edskat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv na politick\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed, ne\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jejich s\u00edle), nebo zaniknou. Nebo oboj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u0161imn\u011bme si, \u017ee podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd politick\u00fd t\u00f3n je typick\u00fd jak pro KDU-\u010cSL i pro ODA, tak i pro US, pro b\u00fdval\u00e9 HSD-SMS jako\u017e i pro b\u00fdvalou pseudokoalici LSU. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b se stejn\u00fdm stylem vyzna\u010dovala i SPR-RS\u010c.<\/p>\n

V d\u016fsledku rozporu ve volebn\u00edm z\u00e1kon\u011b sou\u010dty hlas\u016f ve Sn\u011bmovn\u011b zpravidla ned\u00e1vaj\u00ed dohromady podporu pro politicky z\u0159etelnou vl\u00e1du se smysluplnou politickou orientac\u00ed. Tak tomu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nav\u017edy. Za nemo\u017enost vytvo\u0159it z nich smysluplnou vl\u00e1du nemohou voli\u010di, ale volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon.<\/strong> Ani po desetilet\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto syst\u00e9mu nelze o\u010dek\u00e1vat vznik smyslupln\u00e9 struktury politick\u00fdch stran!<\/p>\n

Z t\u00e9to situace nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u00fdchodisko. Vl\u00e1dn\u00ed koalice, v nich\u017e jsou mal\u00e9 strany, se na zm\u011bn\u011b volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu dozajista nikdy nedomluv\u00ed. D\u00edky v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 situaci po leto\u0161n\u00edch volb\u00e1ch v\u0161ak pr\u00e1v\u011b nyn\u00ed existuje nad\u011bje, \u017ee by mohla b\u00fdt vedena opravdov\u00e1 debata o moudr\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

25.7.1998 Jsou z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 se upravuj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto, jsou jin\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se poda\u0159\u00ed zm\u011bnit jen v dob\u00e1ch kriz\u00ed. Volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon pat\u0159\u00ed k t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 se m\u011bn\u00ed nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji. V\u017edy se toti\u017e… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1077"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1078,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions\/1078"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}