{"id":1064,"date":"2015-06-08T00:16:16","date_gmt":"2015-06-07T23:16:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=1064"},"modified":"2015-06-08T00:16:16","modified_gmt":"2015-06-07T23:16:16","slug":"reforma-volebniho-systemu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/reforma-volebniho-systemu\/","title":{"rendered":"Reforma volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: small; color: #008080;\">28.2.1999<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nevylu\u010duji, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed politikov\u00e9 kdy\u017e se reform\u011b vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed, maj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b na mysli takovou \u00fapravu volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona (a \u00dastavy), kter\u00e1 by zajistila pro dv\u011b nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strany automaticky dobr\u00e9 volebn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky a z\u00e1rove\u0148 by p\u0159idusila jednocifern\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany. Debata se omezuje v podstat\u011b na toto t\u00e9ma, obm\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed se jen r\u016fzn\u00e9 pohledy na to, co n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed &#8222;manipulac\u00ed volebn\u00ed geometri\u00ed&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mimochodem nen\u00ed to debata nov\u00e1, cel\u00e1 dvac\u00e1t\u00e1 a t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta se vedla rovn\u011b\u017e a o\u010dek\u00e1valo se, \u017ee se k nov\u00e9mu volebn\u00edmu z\u00e1konu dopracujeme po v\u00e1lce. Nakonec jsme tyt\u00e9\u017e chyby u\u010dinili podruh\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00e1m za to, \u017ee se tato v\u00fdm\u011bna n\u00e1zor\u016f se m\u00edj\u00ed s podstatou v\u011bci. Za prv\u00e9 proto, \u017ee na ka\u017ed\u00fd volebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m lze vymyslet \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou taktiku, tak i \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou protitaktiku. Nic automatick\u00e9ho neplat\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed sen\u00e1tn\u00ed volby uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee na frak mohou dostat ve v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu ob\u011b nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strany a naopak dobr\u00e1 taktika mal\u00fdch stran m\u016f\u017ee znamenat, \u017ee budou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed mal\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i ve sm\u011bsi s nakumulovan\u00fdmi mal\u00fdmi stranami, kter\u00e9 se bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po volb\u00e1ch osamostatn\u00ed a k\u00fd\u017eenou stabilitu v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy to stejn\u011b nemus\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e9st.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Doposud mimo hlavn\u00ed pozornost politick\u00e9ho jevi\u0161t\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon z roku 1990 m\u00e1 v sob\u011b zak\u00f3dovanou chybu, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee pro \u010ceskou republiku znamenat, \u017ee bude m\u00edt p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch sto let men\u0161inov\u00e9 slab\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee se v d\u016fsledku toho p\u0159ipodobn\u00ed italsk\u00e9mu modelu: slab\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy se budou st\u0159\u00eddat, siln\u00e1 mafie si bude \u0159\u00eddit ekonomiku po sv\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V \u010dem chyba spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1? Po roce 1918 se \u010cSR zav\u00e1zala, \u017ee umo\u017en\u00ed v\u0161em n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edm skupin\u00e1m na sv\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, aby m\u011bly sv\u00e9 z\u00e1stupce v N\u00e1rodn\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Toho se m\u011blo dos\u00e1hnout syst\u00e9mem troj\u00edho skrutinia, kter\u00e9 pro ka\u017edou politicko-n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed skupinku posb\u00edralo zlomky mand\u00e1t\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d v\u0161emi volebn\u00edmi kraji a zpravidla to na n\u011bjak\u00fd ten mand\u00e1t sta\u010dilo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u00e1\u0161 sou\u010dasn\u00fd volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon okop\u00edroval dv\u011b skrutinia, ale posb\u00edran\u00e9 zlomky mand\u00e1t\u016f pro mal\u00e9 strany u\u0159\u00edzne p\u011btiprocentn\u00ed kv\u00f3rum. Zlomky si pak mezi sebe rozd\u011bl\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 strany. Jen\u017ee tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 povolebn\u00edm koali\u010dn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm se pak ukazuje, \u017ee n\u00e1m pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bch n\u011bkolik hlas\u016f chyb\u00ed k sestaven\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy (podobn\u011b se zpravidla sestavuj\u00ed vl\u00e1dy nap\u0159\u00edklad v Izraeli). &#8222;Zlomkovit\u00e9&#8220; politick\u00e9 strany si nemohou n\u00e1rokovat m\u00edsto ve vl\u00e1d\u011b, ale mohou b\u00fdt v &#8222;tich\u00e9&#8220; koalici, vl\u00e1du podporuj\u00ed \u010di toleruj\u00ed, ani\u017e by v n\u00ed zasedali.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V d\u016fsledku p\u011btiprocentn\u00ed &#8222;interrupce&#8220; se do Sn\u011bmovny dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed strany siln\u00e9 (t\u011b\u017eko jich kdy bude v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b) a do po\u010dtu se vejdou je\u0161t\u011b dv\u011b a\u017e t\u0159i strany &#8222;jednocifern\u00e9&#8220;, nanejv\u00fd\u0161 snad &#8222;n\u00e1ctilet\u00e9&#8220;. Takov\u00e1 situace se m\u016f\u017ee opakovat, asi ne cel\u00fdch sto let, ale p\u00e1r des\u00edtek ur\u010dit\u011b. Proto soud\u00edm, \u017ee stoj\u00ed za to pokusit se odstranit tento vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozpor volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00e1m je\u0161t\u011b jeden m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd d\u016fvod volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon m\u011bnit: pe\u010dliv\u00ed voli\u010di mohou prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm preferen\u010dn\u00edch hlas\u016f \u0159\u00edci sv\u00e9 slovo k po\u0159ad\u00ed kandid\u00e1t\u016f, jak jej stanovily politick\u00e9 strany. Za jist\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed mohou hlasov\u00e1n\u00edm vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v\u016fli, aby ta kter\u00e1 doty\u010dn\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osoba ve Sn\u011bmovn\u011b nezasedala. Druh\u00e9 skrutinium v\u0161ak d\u00e1v\u00e1 op\u011bt stranick\u00fdm sekretari\u00e1t\u016fm \u017eol\u00edka, kter\u00fd vyprav\u00ed do Sn\u011bmovny i kandid\u00e1ta, kter\u00fd sice nen\u00ed popul\u00e1rn\u00ed mezi voli\u010di, ale zato se zal\u00edbil veden\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany. T\u00edm se v\u0161ak v\u00fdznam preferen\u010dn\u00edch hlas\u016f, beztak ji\u017e slab\u00fdch, je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce st\u00edr\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Velmi bych si p\u0159\u00e1l, aby na\u0161i vyjednava\u010di p\u0159estali uva\u017eovat o dost nejist\u00e9m triku zm\u011bny volebn\u00ed geometrie a pokusili se nap\u0159ed vy\u0159e\u0161it principi\u00e1ln\u00ed spory. Snad by se pak mohlo uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed probl\u00e9my jsou snadn\u011bji \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9, ne\u017e to vypadalo na po\u010d\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>28.2.1999 Nevylu\u010duji, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed politikov\u00e9 kdy\u017e se reform\u011b vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed, maj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b na mysli takovou \u00fapravu volebn\u00edho z\u00e1kona (a \u00dastavy), kter\u00e1 by zajistila pro dv\u011b nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strany automaticky dobr\u00e9 volebn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky&#8230; <a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/reforma-volebniho-systemu\/\">\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1064"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1064\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1065,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1064\/revisions\/1065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}