{"id":1001,"date":"2015-06-07T23:05:03","date_gmt":"2015-06-07T22:05:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/?p=1001"},"modified":"2015-06-07T23:06:23","modified_gmt":"2015-06-07T22:06:23","slug":"1001","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/1001\/","title":{"rendered":"Refer\u00e1t pro \u010ceskoslovensko-Norsk\u00fd semin\u00e1\u0159 o demokracii"},"content":{"rendered":"

11.10.1991<\/span><\/p>\n

Praha, \u010cern\u00ednsk\u00fd pal\u00e1c<\/span><\/strong>
\n(dodate\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1znam)<\/span><\/p>\n

Cht\u011bl bych se pokusit v sedmi my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch nast\u00ednit nejaktu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 souvis\u00ed s m\u00edstn\u00ed demokraci\u00ed u n\u00e1s, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se mus\u00edm vyhnout detail\u016fm, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt pozd\u011bji dopln\u011bny v diskusi.<\/p>\n

1. M\u00edstn\u00ed demokracie v \u010ceskoslovensku m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 tradice. Navazuje na st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9 kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice to bylo pr\u00e1vo rakousk\u00e9, na Slovensku to bylo pr\u00e1vo uhersk\u00e91<\/sup>. To tak\u00e9 je patrn\u011b zdrojem n\u011bkter\u00fdch na\u0161ich sou\u010dasn\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Nyn\u00ed p\u0159i obnov\u011b demokratick\u00fdch struktur je pro n\u00e1s na\u0161e pr\u00e1vn\u00ed tradice pokladnic\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed: legislativn\u00edch text\u016f, judikatury2<\/sup>, v\u00fdklad\u016f a koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n

2. Jak\u00e1 je tato tradice v \u00fazemn\u00ed samospr\u00e1v\u011b? M\u016f\u017eeme ji charakterizovat dv\u011bma rysy. P\u0159edn\u011b je to trojinstan\u010dn\u00ed postup, typick\u00fd pro kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 u n\u00e1s hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny. Za druh\u00e9 je to v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 (p\u0159irozen\u00e9) a p\u0159enesen\u00e9 (sv\u011b\u0159en\u00e9) p\u016fsobnosti. V\u00fdrazn\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed m\u011blo sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 d\u016fvody. Samostatn\u00e1 p\u016fsobnost byla p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed \u010deskou, p\u0159enesen\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed n\u011bmeckou. Podstatn\u00e9 je, \u017ee oboj\u00ed p\u016fsobnost existovala na ka\u017ed\u00e9 instan\u010dn\u00edm \u00farovni.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u00e1me samospr\u00e1vu pouze obecn\u00ed, st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu na \u00farovni obce a okresu. Parlament dosud \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed o \u00fazemn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed neu\u010dinil. Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee by bylo vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed br\u00e1t ohled na tyto hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny.<\/p>\n

3. P\u0159ed rokem jsme p\u0159ijali novelu \u00fastavn\u00edho z\u00e1kona, v n\u00ed\u017e je zakotveno postaven\u00ed obc\u00ed. \u010casto v\u0161ak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed. Samospr\u00e1va je ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako samostatn\u00e1 moc ve st\u00e1t\u011b, vedle moci z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9, v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 a soudn\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti je prov\u00e1z\u00e1na s moc\u00ed v\u00fdkonnou, exekutivou a administrativou. Jak to najdeme v r\u016fzn\u00fdch u\u010debnic\u00edch z tehdej\u0161\u00ed doby, jde o „laick\u00fd \u017eivel ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1v\u011b“. Se zlep\u0161en\u00edm stavu na\u0161eho \u0161kolstv\u00ed a v d\u016fsledku toho se zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm po\u010dtu odborn\u00edk\u016f v obc\u00edch lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee bude mo\u017en\u00e9 samostatnou p\u016fsobnost v budoucnosti roz\u0161i\u0159ovat3<\/sup>. To se t\u00fdk\u00e1 jak samospr\u00e1vy \u00fazemn\u00ed, tak i samospr\u00e1vy profesn\u00ed (profesn\u00edch komor).<\/p>\n

4. Jak\u00e1 je pr\u00e1vn\u00ed povaha samospr\u00e1vy? Jde o ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed korporaci. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed legislativci v\u0161ak nad takov\u00fdm term\u00ednem nech\u00e1pav\u011b krout\u00ed hlavou. To je zp\u016fsobeno st\u0159etem socialistick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du a skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. Socialistick\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo nezn\u00e1 rozd\u00edl mezi ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm a soukrom\u00fdm pr\u00e1vem. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b ideologick\u00e9 formule, \u017ee „z\u00e1jmy jednotlivce jsou toto\u017en\u00e9 se z\u00e1jmy celku“ byl pojem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va zru\u0161en. Mus\u00edm p\u0159iznat, \u017ee socialistick\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d byl velmi d\u016fsledn\u00fd a ideologicky konzistentn\u00ed4<\/sup>. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u00e1 v na\u0161ich z\u00e1konech obec postaven\u00ed pouze pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed politikov\u00e9 j\u00ed up\u00edraj\u00ed ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed povahu (nebo\u0165 tento pojem v\u016fbec neznaj\u00ed). Av\u0161ak bez pochopen\u00ed obce, jako ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed korporace se nem\u016f\u017eeme dostat d\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

5. Co je obec? Cosi, co m\u00e1 stejn\u011b prastar\u00fd historick\u00fd p\u016fvod jako rodina. V na\u0161em \u00fastavn\u00edm z\u00e1kon\u011b se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee obec je spole\u010denstv\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed rozhoduj\u00ed samostatn\u011b o sv\u00fdch spole\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech5<\/sup>. Zde \u010dasto doch\u00e1z\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e k z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9mu omylu. Obec b\u00fdv\u00e1 ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1na s volen\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny obce. Av\u0161ak volen\u00e9 org\u00e1ny jsou prost\u0159edkem spr\u00e1vy obce, nikoliv obc\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 \u00fazemn\u00ed p\u016fsobnosti vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1kona ur\u010ditou moc. A ka\u017ed\u00e1 moc m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zneu\u017eita. \u00dakolem st\u00e1tu je vykon\u00e1vat dohled nad samospr\u00e1vou a chr\u00e1nit ob\u010dany obce p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm zneu\u017eit\u00edm moci. Toho si mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bdomi p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 i z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9 moci. Mus\u00ed chr\u00e1nit svobodu ob\u010dana p\u0159ed zneu\u017eit\u00edm moci6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

6. Jak jsou u n\u00e1s org\u00e1ny obce voleny? Zde je rozd\u00edl mezi Slovenskem a \u010ceskou republikou. Na Slovensku plat\u00ed jin\u00fd volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon. Nap\u0159\u00edklad starosta je volen p\u0159\u00edmou volbou. My jsme v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice p\u0159ijali volebn\u00ed z\u00e1kon odli\u0161n\u00fd od p\u016fvodn\u00edho vl\u00e1dn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu. Jde o v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00fd volebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m s v\u00edcemand\u00e1tov\u00fdmi obvody, s mo\u017enost\u00ed pana\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a s d’Hondtov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed mand\u00e1t\u016f. Tento syst\u00e9m se velmi osv\u011bd\u010dil a jsme na n\u011bj hrd\u00ed. Dokonce n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed uva\u017euj\u00ed, zda by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt zaveden tak\u00e9 pro volby do \u010cNR.<\/p>\n

K charakteristice obc\u00ed bych je\u0161t\u011b dodal, \u017ee v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nen\u00ed do\u0159e\u0161ena problematika financov\u00e1n\u00ed obc\u00ed. Souvis\u00ed toti\u017e s da\u0148ovou reformou a bude mo\u017en\u00e9 j\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it teprve od po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1993. Z nevyjasn\u011bn\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho postaven\u00ed obc\u00ed v\u0161ak plyne tendence k desintegraci. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u00e1me v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice 5000 obc\u00ed a po\u010d\u00e1tkem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku m\u00e1 vzniknout dal\u0161\u00edch 1200 obc\u00ed. Uv\u011bdomujeme si, \u017ee to je opa\u010dn\u00fd trend, ne\u017e jak\u00fd existuje ve stabiln\u00edch demokraci\u00edch, kde se obce sdru\u017euj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f ekonomick\u00fdch. Ale tuto situaci nedok\u00e1\u017eeme \u0159e\u0161it d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e v roce 1993.<\/p>\n

Zde si dovol\u00edm pozn\u00e1mku ke zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9mu lustra\u010dn\u00edmu z\u00e1konu a jeho \u00fadajn\u00e9mu rozporu s listinou lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. \u00dakolem st\u00e1tu je chr\u00e1nit pr\u00e1va a svobody ob\u010dan\u016f, nikoliv politik\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee obec je spole\u010denstv\u00edm ob\u010dan\u016f a nikoliv volen\u00fd org\u00e1n, op\u0159en\u00e9 o na\u0161\u00ed \u00fastavu pokl\u00e1d\u00e1m za z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b samospr\u00e1va pot\u0159ebuje pr\u00e1vn\u00ed ochranu p\u0159ed neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahy jin\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci, ale ta je podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru v z\u00e1konech dostate\u010dn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bna.<\/p>\n

7. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nem\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dnou vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed samospr\u00e1vu, ne\u017e obecn\u00ed. To n\u00e1m p\u016fsob\u00ed mnoho probl\u00e9m\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad i v region\u00e1ln\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci se zahrani\u010d\u00edm. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9: opustili jsme socialistick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e i samospr\u00e1va byla zn\u00e1rodn\u011bna, ale dosud se nepoda\u0159ilo prosadit postaven\u00ed obce jako ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00edho subjektu, obec je pouze pr\u00e1vnickou osobou. Proto tak\u00e9 neum\u00edme vybudovat vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed samospr\u00e1vu, kter\u00e1 se koncipuje jako ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed korporace obc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem bych cht\u011bl citovat jednoho v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho profesora, s n\u00edm\u017e jsme na\u0161e n\u00e1vrhy prob\u00edrali, kter\u00fd charakterizoval proces obnovy demokratick\u00fdch struktur v \u010ceskoslovensku takto: „Pokou\u0161\u00edte se o dalekos\u00e1hlou decentralizaci, ale chyb\u00ed v\u00e1m koordina\u010dn\u00ed mechanismy“. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee jeho v\u011bta plat\u00ed nejen pro m\u00edstn\u00ed demokracii, ale i pro na\u0161\u00ed federaci. P\u0159\u00e1l bych si, abychom na\u0161li rovnov\u00e1hu mezi decentralizac\u00ed a koordinac\u00ed jak pro samospr\u00e1vu, tak i pro na\u0161\u00ed federaci.<\/p>\n

D\u011bkuji.<\/p>\n

————<\/p>\n

1) Bylo by je\u0161t\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 dolo\u017eit jist\u00fd vliv n\u011bmeck\u00e9, francouzsk\u00e9 a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b americk\u00e9 legislativy. Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad v oblasti ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku, trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku apod. by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 respektovat tyto historick\u00e9 ko\u0159eny, ani\u017e by t\u00edm utrp\u011bla funk\u010dnost federace. Teorie federalismu v\u0161ak nech\u00e1v\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b \u00fazk\u00fd prostor pro funk\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Pokou\u0161et se prom\u00edtat n\u00e1rodn\u00ed specifi\u010dnost do uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed federace je p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm neobratn\u00e9, nebo to m\u00e1 pouze nepatrn\u00fd dopad na obyvatelstvo \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed federace, krom\u011b p\u0159\u00edpadu, kdy federace p\u0159estane poskytovat ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody spole\u010dn\u00e9ho trhu a dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody a dopad se projev\u00ed na obyvatelstvu negativn\u011b v \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n

2) Zejm\u00e9na studium judikatury n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee upozornit na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nedostatky, kter\u00e9 se v tehdej\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1konech vyskytovaly.<\/p>\n

3) Bude-li nap\u0159\u00edklad v ka\u017ed\u00e9 obci n\u011bkolik odborn\u00edk\u016f na d\u011bjiny um\u011bn\u00ed, bude mo\u017eno sv\u011b\u0159it ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e i st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu pam\u00e1tek obc\u00edm do samostatn\u00e9 p\u016fsobnosti.<\/p>\n

4) Vych\u00e1zel v\u0161ak z nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f, mimo jin\u00e9 nap\u0159. z toho, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk je ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b dobr\u00fd, tak\u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it ide\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost – komunismus. Re\u00e1ln\u00e9 demokracie buduj\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vazby a kontroln\u00ed mechanismy, proto\u017ee vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z toho, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk je schopen \u0161patnosti.<\/p>\n

5) \u010cl. 86 \u00fastavn\u00edho z\u00e1kona 100\/1960 Sb., ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f: Obec je samostatn\u00fd \u00fazemn\u00ed celek, sdru\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed ob\u010dany, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed na jej\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed trval\u00fd pobyt.<\/p>\n

6) V obci m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed mafie. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je nutn\u00e9 zastupitelstvo obce rozpustit a vypsat nov\u00e9 volby. Podobn\u011b kdy\u017e by bylo zastupitelstvo ne\u010dinn\u00e9 (v\u016fbec se nesch\u00e1z\u00ed), nebo kdyby bylo neschopn\u00e9 cokoliv rozhodnout kv\u016fli rozlo\u017een\u00ed politick\u00fdch sil.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

11.10.1991 Praha, \u010cern\u00ednsk\u00fd pal\u00e1c (dodate\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1znam) Cht\u011bl bych se pokusit v sedmi my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch nast\u00ednit nejaktu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 souvis\u00ed s m\u00edstn\u00ed demokraci\u00ed u n\u00e1s, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se mus\u00edm vyhnout detail\u016fm, kter\u00e9 mohou… \u010c\u00edst v\u00edce ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1001","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1001"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1001\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1003,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1001\/revisions\/1003"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.payne.cz\/WP15\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}